Bill Gates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Bill Gates - Research Paper Example After he stepped down as the CEO in Microsoft in 2000, he and his wife, Mrs. Melinda Gates established Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which is one of the biggest charitable trusts in the world (Microsoft, â€Å"Bill Gate†). Global surveys have ranked Gates among the world’s richest persons at several instances, as on May 2013 (Cuadros & Crayton Harrison, â€Å"Bill Gates Retakes World’s Richest Title from Carlos Slim†). Bill Gates was the son of William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates born in Seattle, Washington on October 28, 1955. Bill’s father was a well-established and respected American attorney as well as a philanthropist of his time. His father was also a member of a Boy Scout troop, who also had won the ‘Eagle Scout Award’ in 1941. Bill’s mother, Mrs. Mary Maxwell Gates also belonged from Seattle, Washington. She held the designation of being the first female president of King County’s United Way. She also held the  directorial position of First Interstate Bank of Washington. She even worked as a board member of the University of Washington until the end of her career. Bill’s wife, Melinda Gates belonged from Dallas Texas. She is a bachelor in Computer Science and Economics from Duke University on 1986. She is also an MBA from the same university batch for 1987.She worked at Microsoft Corporation as a product development officer prior to her m arriage with Bill Gates. Bill Gates has two daughters and a son, Jennifer Katharine Gates, Rory John Gates and Phoebe Adele Gates (Encyclopedia of World Biography, â€Å"Bill Gates Biography†). Bill Gates, until date has been a living inspiration and icon for many young entrepreneurs around the world. In his early life, Bill Gates was very much fascinated towards computers and software. He and his friend Paul Allen used to practice their skills in their school’s minicomputers when studying together in Lakeside School in Seattle. Besides, working in the computer lab of their

Frank Wedekinds Lulu: An Analysis

Frank Wedekinds Lulu: An Analysis Discuss Frank Wedekinds Lulu in relation to its cultural and social context. Pay particular attention to the ways in which the play challenges and/or perpetuates certain assumptions concerning gender and sexuality; include a discussion of the plays relevance to our contemporary context. This essay will be exploring and discussing the character of Lulu in Frank Wedekinds play of the same name. It will delve into the relationship that Lulu has with the men and women of the late 1800s, as well as the challenges that women have experienced over the centuries having to deny their sexual appetite in a patriarchal world. There will be investigations into female oppression and gender status. Also one will be looking at the roles of fictional and factual Femmes Fatales throughout the ages, from those in story books to actual icons who have reached out to the world through modern media coverage. It will discuss whether being a sexually attractive woman is help or hindrance, is a woman a slave to mens desires or is it a tool that women use to live and lead the life that they wish? In research of the character of Lulu I read the introduction from the play Lulu adapted by Nicolas Wright and his insight to the character of Lulu and Frank Wedekinds method research by having sexual encounters with a number of prostitutes. Using this method Frank Wedekind created lulu, by taking different the qualities and flaws of the prostitutes he had met, women who are described as irresistible, some fearlessly honest, some devious, some manic, all doomed. (Wedekind/Wright, 2007:11) Nicolas Wright gives the impression in the introduction that Certainly he must have come across a woman who, at the age of five or so, was raped and prostituted by a man who may have been her father. This is exactly what had happened to Lulu, as Wedekind goes to some trouble to spell out. Is he saying that this hideous event has formed her life, thats its made her what she is as an adult? As a 19th-centery buck, he may not spot the connection. Yet his comments on women are full of insight, and the way the way lulu sexualises every relationship she enters into with a man seems very much part of damaged- child syndrome. (Wedekind/Wright, 2007:11) By reading Nicolas Wrights thoughts on how the character of Lulu is an abused child and is a damaged soul and as a character has a very warped view of what is acceptable and what is normal in a relationship. Due to the impression of her childhood raised by a man who is said to be her father who is insinuated in the play they had an inappropriate relationship. This is apparent in Act 4. She asks Schigolch to kill Rodrigo (an acrobat who is blackmailing lulu) for her. Lulu: what do you want? Dont ask too much. Schigolch: well, now. if you ever felt nostalgic for our old arrangement.. Lulu: oh god..! Schigolch: Why not? Lulu: Im .changed. Im not a child any more. Schigolch: what do see when you look at me now? Some aged monster? Lulu; but youve already got a mistress. (Wedekind/Wright, 2007: Act 4:94) Lulu from a young age was passed around like a toy for mens enjoyment. This information reflects that Lulu is always looking for someone to look after her, and the security which comes with marriage, as she has never had that as a child. Now as an adult Lulu can only rely on her exceptional beauty and the fact all men from different status are drawn to her. This in turn empowers her to manipulate the men in her life, to bend to her every whim while the man still thinks he is in control. But in return by becoming what the man wants from her Lulu is able to enchant them by targeting their weaknesses and getting what she may want in that times before her eyes start to wonder again. This is more apparent when she marries for the second time, Eduard Schwarz. In this relationship she is the one who is control and she doesnt like this as she has nothing to manipulate him with, so it is my belief this is the reason she begins an affair with Dr Franz Schoning. This marriage to Schwarz seems t o be a healthy relationship and very comfortable life style, and which by Lulu entering into this affair with Schoning makes me wonder that Lulu is not wanting a loving family and the security of being married, she wants some danger and excitement to her life, and to me this selfish attitude which many women from her background would kill for makes me think what does Lulu really want? Its apparent she needs the security of marriage which is what society expects of women in her status and situation. But this isnt what lulu wants she is a healthy sexed woman with a natural sexual appetite which unfortunately was going against the society grain. Lulus character was ahead of the times as she was written in a time when women were repressed and had to marry for security. In a way that was most women in that era ambition was to marry well and above their station. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin Mrs. Bennet was obsessed with finding husbands for her five daughters. The heroine of Pride of Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the complete opposite of Lulu. Whereas Elizabeth Bennet wants to marry for love, and disliked the idea of marrying just for security. When she was proposed by her cousin Mr Collins it takes him some time to understand that his proposal is being rejected by Elizabeth, in that time was quiet unheard of to actually refuse a proposal. Your portion is unhappily so small that it will be in all likelihood undo the effects of you loveliness and amiable qualifications. As I must therefore conclude that you are not serious in your rejection of me, I shall chuse to attribute it to your wish of increasing my love by suspense, according to the usual practice of elegant females. (Austin,1996:106) Even Jane Austen herself in 1802 accepted a marriage proposal from Harris Bigg-Wither, but she later changed her mind the next day. In all of her novels the heroine somehow ended in a suitable marriage with the man of their affections, yet she herself went on to becoming an old maid which was her choice but in this article it states that Austen never felt she had been presented with adequate choices: it was either get married or become a governess or a teacher. (http://www.sexualfables.com/spinster.php). Harris Bigg-Wither who after her death read her books more closely in trying to understand her refusal of him and came to conclusion that marriage didnt interest her, because in her novels she didnt include sexual passion, and also she would only write about the prelude to marriage in a platonic way. So does this mean that Austen felt that sexual tension in a marriage would be the downfall of a relationship that started without it and that was based on affection? I feel that Austen a women of the early 1800s who was expected to marry and was scared of sex and the complications that come with it, and thought marriage should be the product of two people in love and not a realistic and practical arrangement. She is quoted from a letter to her niece Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without Affection, (http://www.sexualfables.com/spinster.php). So in the early 1800s Jane Austen was changing the way women behaved towards marriage that being an old maid was the only acceptable life style if one wasnt inclined to marry. But by not marrying sparked rumours in the 1990s that Austen was in fact a lesbian and that was the real reason she didnt marry. This theory hasnt be proved or disproved, I think its an insult to any women if they choose not to marry that they are assumed be a lesbian. Even in todays society women are targeted and frowned upon if they choose to have a career over starting a family, which in my opinion it is a mans ego that is being injured by not being needed. Frank Wedekind went a different way his play Lulu by making her of sorts a high class prostitute and giving Lulu the looks and the skills to manipulate the men she wanted to pursue. In my opinion the reason why Lulu was shocking for the time it was written in is because, it was common thought that men were driven by their sexual desires and women had none. If Lulu was a man this play would be called Casanova. If the lead was a male it wouldnt be as shocking as the world would have heard of the antics of Giacomo Girolamo Casanova de Seingalt who had died 1798 who was renowned for a sexual predator of young women and a gambler. But Lulu wasnt a man but she was influenced by the men in her life, she tried to gain power by enslaving the men she wanted with her sexual desire. Another woman in fiction used the same skills in attain what information her pray had. Milady Clarick de Winter from The Three Musketeersa novelbyAlexandre Dumas. Milady Clarick de Winter was a teenager forced to enter the convent, but when she gets there she falls in love with a priest with who she escapes with. They leave the church with stolen property to fund their new life together, for which both of them get caught and were branded criminals with the fleur de liys. Then she appears in Athos village living with a man, and pretending to be his sister. When Athos, fell in love with her and married her. After some time together he finds the brand on her shoulder, saying she was a thief. Thinking she had married him only for his money which is not true, a heart-broken Athos tries to kill her by hanging her from a tree. But she survived. At the time the book is written, apparently it was acceptable to kill your wife if you found out she had committed a crime. Milady Clarick de Winter is a capable and beautiful spy, she is an example of a strong, independent woman with a tragic past, and filled with hate for men, she enjoys seduction and the destruction of men. The men she traps will provide her with support for a short period of time but will most likely to meet an untimely end if they learn of her past. Milady Clarick de Winter is remorseless for her countless crimes. In my opinion Lulu and Milady Clarick de Winter are femme fatales, and to achieve their hidden purpose, by using their feminine assets such as beauty, charm, and sexual allure. Both seem to be victims, caught in a situation from which they cannot escape; the connections between Milady Clarick de Winter and Lulu are uncanny having relationships ending in deadly consequences for the men they ensnare. Both Milady Clarick de Winter and Lulu have many names given or changed them through marriage. Dr Goll Lulus first husband in the play is in discussion with Dr Franz Schoning on their preferences on what they like to call her.With all these men renaming her is it any wonder that no-one knows the real Lulu? Does lulu exist anymore? I feel that there is such a power in a name, and by changing that aspect of a person they no longer exist. So by changing lulus name constantly she becomes a whole new person with a new personality over and over again, and is sculptured into whatever the man want s. Goll: You see I call her Popsy. Schoning: I thought Mignon suited her well. Goll: Mignon? No, Popsys better, from my personal point of view. I have a weakness for the incomplete . . . the immature . . . the innocent child in need of fatherly protection. (Wedekind/Wright, 2007:18) In the case of Milady Clarick de Winter she had to change her name as Athos, her first husband whom she loved deeply thought she was dead after hanging her from a tree, and for her own protection she changed it when she married Lord De Winter. With all these name changes is there wonder that these women manipulate men for their own gain. When its the man who has the power to change their names a moulding them into their puppets or to force them to change their name for protection. In the process stripping them of whom there are and who they could have been. Does society put the pressure on women to behave a certain way still? In a culture that is obsessed with the celebrity and the morbid fantasy of when things go wrong trying to find the information because even in death we as a society still want more. Marilyn Monroe was a beauty with curves; she was more than a 50s sex goddess. She dominated the age of movie stars to become the most famous woman of the 20th Century and still has a strong fan base growing 45 years after her death. She was born Norma Jeane Mortenson and never knew who her father and was baptized Norma Jeane Baker. Her mother was mentally ill and Norma Jeane had to spend most of her childhood in foster homes and orphanages until she moved in with family friend, but when she was 16 the family she was living with was going to move and couldnt take Norma Jeane with them. She had two options: return to the orphanage or get married.So even in the 1940s girls without family had two choices the state or marriage, she married a boy who she had been dating for 6 months. On being discovered by a photographer while helping towards the war effort in a factory, and from then on she became a model and Marilyn Monroe. But her marriage didnt survive her new found career. Then she soared to fame by landing film roles and various awards, but on the 5th august 1962 she died of a possible suicide. The events surrounding her death isthe most talked and debated conspiracy theories of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Many believe she was killed by order of the Kennedys and this was the belief of her second husband Joe DiMaggio and he died convinced the Kennedys were to blame, in an article about a book of his life written by his long term lawyer and friend Morris Engelberg. DiMaggio is to of expressed They murdered the one person I loved, DiMaggio confided to Mr Engelberg. (http://news.scotsman.com/marilynmonroe/Joe-DiMaggio-died-convinced-JFK.2401434.jp) These beliefs come from man who loved her very deeply and expressed that the men she was in a romantic relationship was the cause of her demise, and many of her fans believe that there are allot of unanswered questions connected with her death and I agree the masses there is too much information missing. She was at the mercy of very powerful men who wanted to keep her quiet and the scandal if she ever diverged in the information she knew. The allegations of the Kennedys being connected with her death has not been proved or disproved. Like Lulu, Marilyn Monroe was playing a very dangerous game by underestimating the power she had over men and the men in power. It is insinuated that Lulu was killed by Jack the Ripper an educated man who used his status to lure vulnerable prostitutes with his refinery and wealth, one the suspects was Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondalehe was grandson of Queen Victoria but this was neither proved or disproved. When doing my research the s imilarities between Lulu and Marilyn Monroe was very chilling both women were killed as the result of men, but for me the fact that Lulu is a fictional character based on the women Wedekind met on his sex romping with prostitutes and his character has so many similarities with the icon Monroe is disturbing that plight of women hasnt changed much in a hundred years and more. My aim in this essay was to Discuss Frank Wedekinds Lulu including the context and time it was written in, and if the female gender role has changed much in the time scale, by exploring other writers, and eventually looking at a modern day icon. I feel my discussion is in a very female point of view and Im sure that if this was written by a man it would have a very different angle and maybe I should have gotten a male opinion on the subject. Did Frank Wedekind write Lulu to shock society? Or to show that women of the 1800s were restricted my gender and status through text. When Frank Wedekind wrote Lulu I think he knew it would be shocking in his society as a sex tragedy but I dont think that knew that he had divulged so much into the way women were repressed by their gender and how certain sexual traumas can affect the way women as a gender enter a sexual relationship. Even today women use their sexual allure to get what they want or to influence a man into doing things for them. Im my opinion women have been fighting for the right to be equal with men but yet we as a sex still choose to use our beauty to get what we want and is that because from a young age society and story books use the stereotype of the woman is at home with the children and the man makes a living and supports his family. The times have changed and as a culture we have accepted same sex marriage, same sex adoption and a black president which I thought I would never see in my life time, but the life long battle of the sexes continues and I dont think this is going to end with any outcome which will be acceptable for either side. Lulu is a modern drama of sex. Its not a helpful story about gender roles or sexual politics, or even at heart a marriage play, as all four of her marriages end badly. Lulu is a ruthless test of the terrible destructive would be of a basic human drive, and of that favourite scapegoat for that destruction, the femme fatale. Bibliography Austen.J (1996) Pride And Prejudice, London, Penguin Group. http://news.scotsman.com/marilynmonroe/Joe-DiMaggio-died-convinced-JFK.2401434.jp http://www.sexualfables.com/spinster.php Wedekind.F/Wright.N (2007) Lulu, London: Nick Hern Books limited. Research Ascription of Identity: The Bild motif and the character of Lulu, Silvio Jose Dos Santos, The Journal of Musicology, Vol. 21, No.2 (spring 2004), pp. 267-308 http://www.marilynmonroe.com/ Masterpieces of French literature By Marilyn S. Severson Refraction of the Feminine: The Monstrous Transformations of Lulu, Karin Littau, MLN, Vol. 110, No. 4, Comparative Literature Issue (Sept., 1995), pp. 888-912 The Three MusketeersbyAlexandre Dumas

The Importance of Political Candidates Religion in American Politics Es

The Importance of Political Candidates Religion in American Politics Religion and Politics have played a loud and at some times discordant counterpoint in the United States for many years. There has always been a correlation between conservative politics and fundamentalist religion in American History. As American’s we’ve always had had the constitutional right to chose our religion. Yet our country’s leaders, that sit in the highest political seats have traditionally been evangelistic Protestants. Which have dominated religion in politics during the final decade or two in the twentieth century, and if the past is any indication, they will most likely continue to dominate the arenas, with some exceptions, at least through the early decades of the twenty-first century. Though voter seem to notice candidate’s religion less and less over the years. Past waves of religious activism have lasted for several decades at a stretch, and there is little reason to think the religious right will scatter more quickly. In looking at the broad picture of religion in politics across American history, one is beat by how religion stayed for the most part, within the boundaries layed out by the founders of the constitution. Except for a handful of border groups that have tried to influence voters, on both the right and left, religion in the United States is not associated with political violence. Nor does any major religious group seriously advocate that taxpayers fund ministers or enact a religious test for public office. Moreover, to be successful in American Politics and with American voters, religious groups have had to find a way to border their arguments in worldly-wise terms. The result of all of this is that the United States has been a... ...selection date the public seems to be accepting. The initial hype of Leiberman’s selection seems to have died down in to almost a near silent hush, only mentioned to emphasize him being the first Jewish Vice Presidential candidate. Which shows that twenty-first century American culture has far surpass expectation for religion in politics. Not to rule out fore mentioned statements, â€Å"America may be ready to see a Jewish vice presidential candidate, but they definitely aren’t ready to see a Jewish man run for president, at least not in this election.† As the current election roles along the country has seemed to (for the time being) forgotten Lieberman’s religion and looked to his views and credentials for his hope to be position as vice president. America has come very far from even the time of President Kennedy to accept a Jewish candidate without extreme criticism.

Learning & process Essay

Learning is a never ending process. When a person graduates from primary or tertiary education, he or she should never be contented with the knowledge that he or she has acquired. Instead, there should always be a sense of longing, thriving, and enthusiasm for more knowledge. An adult is just equally capable as a person in his prime years to learn and acquire knowledge. One should not consider his age as an obstacle to nurture and nourish his brain with more information that are yet to be acquired. A person should never be contented with whatever little knowledge he has. An adult who enters graduate school has more advantages than disadvantages. An adult would have more experiences in life and in living compared with others, and this would enable the former to connect his experiences with his education. In other words, there would be a more realistic approach to learning. Often, people who enter graduate school with little experience from their jobs would tend to be more idealistic with their views about the theories presented in class. The decision of an adult to enter into graduate school to obtain a master’s degree falls in between the life stages of Transcending and Life Calling. These stages talks about a person’s journey in life wherein he has already mastered his craft and already knows his strengths and weaknesses. As such, he would now use this knowledge to achieve his goal in life. Thereafter, this person may now realize his purpose and this is associated with his life calling. The reason for living of the person becomes clear, and he is now ready to make radical steps for the realization of his goal. The decision to enter into graduate school is not easy. But, a person who has a clear idea of what he wants in life would not think twice about making this decision. The person would view graduate school as a means, a tool to enable him to achieve his goal to make him successful. Resources: Manifest Your Potential. 2004-2005. The Eight Stages of Life. Retrieved from http://www. manifestyourpotential. com/en/lifeskills/lifestages/eight_stages. htm

The Dutch Oven

The Dutch Oven is a old version of a frying pan or roasting pan. The dutch Ovens started production in the 1700's. Dutch ovens are still used for many things, like cobblers and roasts. Dutch ovens were made of brass in the first couple of years that they were made. Then a man by the name of Abraham Darby visited the Netherlands and wanted to watch the the production of the Dutch Oven. When he figured out how to make the oven he traveled back to England. When he returned home he was trying to find a way to make a cheaper version of the oven. His creation was made of a more economical metal of cast iron. The Americans found out about these dutch ovens and they brought them into their colonies. The famous patriot Paul Revere was credited with adding the peg legs on the pots and the flat top lid with a rack that would hold the coals. All of the settlers and the colonists that have moved to america used these pot because of their durability and there versatility. When Lewis and Clark set out on there expositions they took a Dutch Oven with them all the way through the american west. The Dutch oven was one of the many things that Lewis and Clark brought home with them at the end of there exposition. In the year of 1896 a man by the name of Joseph Lodge founded a company that would make and sell Dutch ovens. This company was located in the state of Tennessee. The name of this company is called Lodge the owner named it after himself. Today the company is sells more dutch ovens than any of the other company's in the world. There was also another company that was founded it was called Le Creuset. Le Creuset was built and constructed in the French town of Fresnoy-le-Grand. This company made Dutch Ovens and cooking supplies like Lodge did. Le Creuset is famous for the really good quality of its iron and for the really good quality of their enamel coatings. Even though the Dutch oven is a older style of pot it is still used today to cook food.

More Than One Meaning for Poke

More Than One Meaning for Poke More Than One Meaning for Poke More Than One Meaning for Poke By Maeve Maddox One of my favorite country expressions is pig in a poke. For those unfamiliar with the expression, a poke is a sack. To buy something without first looking at it is to buy a pig in a poke. (As we do when we buy things online.) I once used the word with a group of eighth-graders and discovered that poke can be used with a sexual connotation. With that age group, just about any word can be. The OED lists six entries for poke as a noun and three for poke as a verb. Some of the entries have more than one definition, but Ill just list some of them. Poke as a Noun 1 A bag, now esp. a paper bag; a small sack; a beggars bundle (obs.). Also: a bagful. Now regional exc. in pig in a poke 2 A projecting brim or front of a hat or bonnet; the peak of a cap. Now hist. and Brit. regional. NOTE: My Southern grandmother told me that when she worked in the fields, she wore a poke bonnet, This was a cloth hat that tied under the chin. The sides of the bonnet completely protected her face from the sun. Nowadays women go out of their way to get a suntan, even paying to use use tanning beds. In my grandmothers day, girls did all they could to maintain their pallor. Tanned skin was considered unattractive. She said that another name for that type of bonnet was a kiss-me-quick. 3 A plant (of uncertain identity) used by North American Indians for smoking; the dried leaves of this plant. 4 Virginia poke, Virginian poke. Pokeweed, Phytolacca americana. Also (with distinguishing word): any plant of the genus Phytolacca. NOTE: My grandmother, no doubt wearing her poke bonnet, gathered this kind of poke to eat. She called it poke salat. She cooked and ate the leaves and used the red berries to dye clothing. Molly McBee, writing on the Garden Web edible landscapes forum, offers some helpful in-formation about poke salat and the extent to which it is poisonous: Poke salat, when it matures, develops purple colorations on its stalk, flower stem, and berries and seeds. It is the MATURE leaves, and purple stem and seeds that contain the poisonous sub-stances. Young plants are safe, as is the juice. 5 The action of poking (in various senses)An act of poking; a thrust, a push, a nudge. Also colloq.: a blow with the fist, esp. in to take (or have) a poke at. 6 The green heron, Butorides striatus. Also: the American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus. Poke as a Verb 1 To jab or push (a person) with ones hand or finger, the point of a stick, etc., esp. so as to induce action or movement. Also (regional) (of cattle): to gore, jab with the horns. 2 trans. To put in a bag or pocket. Also with up: to stash away in a bag or pocket; to hoard. In quot. a1400 fig.: to suppress. Now rare. Chiefly Sc. in later use. 3 trans. To put a poke (POKE n.5 6) on (an animal). A few other expressions with poke Cowboys are known as cowpunchers and cowpokes. Children who dont move fast enough for the ones behind them are called slowpokes. One can poke around in an attic or at a garage sale. In mysteries amateur sleuths are warned not to poke their noses into matters that do not concern them. Poke is still taking on new meanings. For example, Facebook has a poke feature. Im not exactly clear as to its purpose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsAnyone vs. EveryoneContinue and "Continue on"

australias involvement in viet essays

australias involvement in viet essays Australia had reasons for wanting to join the Vietnam War, quite apart from considerations of South Vietnamese sovereignty. It was considered necessary to maintain good relations with our alliance partners the United) and constituted a critical step in maintaining a defense. Initially, Australia provided financial support to the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), and when widespread conflict became more widespread, Australia provided military advisers. The United States, who had been keen "observers" of the conflict, soon committed itself to military intervention and Australia wished to show her support. The problem was, that the South Vietnamese government was not so convinced of the utility of Australia's presence. How was Australia to solve this dilemma? The official and propagated account of Australia's decision to enter the Vietnam War holds that Australia, at the behest of the South Vietnamese government, and together with the noble American nation entered (reluctantly) into war, to safeguard the world from communist peril. Vietnam constituted Australia's longest involvement in a war, and the first confrontation in which involvement was not always viewed as a simple logical process. The Australian troop force in Vietnam build up steadily in the years 1965-1967. Even before this Australia deployed military advisers, and sent aid to the South Vietnamese government. The actual Australian contingent was minor in comparison to force sizes of other allied countries. Additionally it was predominantly located in an area which was perceived as being of critical strategic importance for the overall war. Australia's presence was concentrated around a small area of Vietnam, Phuoc Tuy province. Here, the majority of Australian regular and national service troops were located, together with New Zealand troops, thus forming the integrated ANZAC force. Conflict in the area reached proportions which were not initially envisaged by the Australi...

Sanford Dole, Lawyer Helped Make Hawaii a US Territory

Sanford Dole, Lawyer Helped Make Hawaii a US Territory Sanford Dole was a lawyer who was largely responsible for bringing Hawaii into the United States as a territory in the 1890s. Dole helped overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy and served for several years as president of the Hawaiian Republic, an independent government of the islands. The campaign to establish Hawaii as an American territory was backed by sugar planters and other business interests. After being thwarted during the administration of Grover Cleveland, Dole and his allies found a more welcome reception following the election of William McKinley. Hawaii became an American territory in 1898. Fast Facts: Sanford Dole Full Name: Sanford Ballard DoleBorn: April 23, 1844 in Honolulu HawaiiDied: June 9, 1926 in Honolulu, HawaiiKnown For: Lawyer known for working in the 1890s to bring Hawaii into the United States. Served as only president of the independent Republic of Hawaii and first governor of the Territory of Hawaii.Parents: Daniel Dole and Emily Hoyt BallardSpouse: Anna Prentice Cate Early Life and Career Sanford Ballard Dole was born April 23, 1844, in Hawaii, the son of missionaries who had been assigned to educate native people. Dole grew up in Hawaii and attended college in the island before traveling to the United States and enrolling in Williams College in Massachusetts. He studied law and practiced the profession briefly in Boston before returning to Hawaii. Dole set up a law practice in Honolulu and began to get involved in politics. In 1884, he was elected to the Hawaiian legislature, which operated under a monarchy. In 1887, Dole became involved in a rebellion against the Hawaiian king, David Kalakaua. The king was forced to sign away much of his power at gunpoint. The new constitution, which placed most power in a legislature, became known as the Bayonet Constitution, as it had been put in place by threats of violence. Following the rebellion, Dole was appointed to the Hawaiian Supreme Court. He served as a judge on the court until 1893. Revolutionary Leader In 1893, the successor of King David Kalakaua, Queen Lilioukalani, resisted restraints put upon the monarchy by the 1887 constitution, which heavily favored the interests of white businessmen. As the queen sought to restore the monarchy to its earlier power, she was deposed by a coup. In the aftermath of the coup against Queen Lilioukalani, Sanford Dole became the head of the revolutionary provisional government which replaced the monarchy. An obvious goal of the new government was to have Hawaii brought into the United States. A front-page article in the New York Times on January 29, 1893 provided details on the revolution, and mentioned that the newly installed government wanted to be admitted to the United States as a territory. Joining the United States Grover Cleveland’s return as president in 1893 (he began serving the second of his two non-consecutive terms) complicated matters. Cleveland was offended by the coup that deposed the Hawaiian king, especially when an investigation determined that U.S. Marines had been involved, operating without any official orders from Washington. In President Cleveland’s view, the Hawaiian monarchy should be restored. That changed when emissaries from Washington, while seeking to bring the queen back to power, could not get her to forgive the revolutionaries. After relations with the queen broke down, the Cleveland administration eventually recognized the Republic of Hawaii on July 4, 1894. Sanford Dole served as the first and only president of the Republic of Hawaii, holding the office from 1894 to 1900. A focus of his attention was to get the United States to adopt a treaty which would make Hawaii an American territory. Doles task became easier when William McKinley, who was more sympathetic to the idea of Hawaii as an American territory, became president in 1897. Dole continued advocating for Hawaii to join the U.S., and in January 1898, he traveled to Washington, D.C., to meet government officials. After sailing to San Francisco, Dole and his wife embarked on a cross-country railroad journey. His travels became front-page news in cities he visited along the way. He was portrayed as President Dole, a respected foreign leader from an exotic location who also carried himself as a typical American politician. Arriving by train in Washington, Dole was greeted at Union Station by members of McKinleys cabinet. President McKinley called upon Dole at his hotel. A few days later, Dole and his wife were guests of honor at a formal White House dinner. In a number of newspaper interviews Dole was careful to always say he was not lobbying for his cause but merely answering any questions federal officials might have about Hawaii and its desires to join the United States. In the summer of 1898, Hawaii was admitted to the United States as a territory, and Dole’s position as president of the independent republic came to an end. Dole was widely recognized as one of the leading citizens of Hawaii. In 1898, a San Francisco newspaper published a feature on Hawaii joining the United States, and it prominently featured Dole. Though the move toward becoming a U.S. territory had been long and complicated, motivated by business interests and often accompanied by threats of force, Dole put a good face on it. He said Hawaii joining the U.S. was the result of natural growth. Territorial Government President McKinley appointed Dole to be the first territorial governor of Hawaii. He served in that post until 1903, when President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him to be a judge of the U.S. district court. Dole accepted the post, and left politics to return to the law. He served as a judge until 1915. In his later life, Dole was revered as one of Hawaiis most prominent citizens. He died in Hawaii in 1926. Sources: Dole, Sanford Ballard. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2010, pp. 530-531. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Hawaii. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, vol. 1, Gale, 1999, pp. 422-425. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. American Eras: Primary Sources, edited by Rebecca Parks, vol. 1: Development of the Industrial United States, 1878-1899, Gale, 2013, pp. 256-258. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

COMPETITIVE DIALOGUE AND THE NEGOTIATED PROCEDURES Essay

COMPETITIVE DIALOGUE AND THE NEGOTIATED PROCEDURES - Essay Example Such goods may include some IT application gadgets as well as some security and military equipments. In the latter category, the procurer customizes and specifies the characteristics required and the manufacturer produces the goods in the customized traits. This provision entitles the procurer to identifying probable suppliers, who with the specifications of the procurer, manufactures and supplies the required products. This has led to devising of the tendering mechanisms such as the competitive tendering and the negotiated procedures of procurement by both the private as well as the public domain besides the open and the closed tendering procedures. The competitive dialogue involves customized discussions that involves many bidders and, applied in complex procurement procedures. The competitive dialogue method is characterized of two basic stages where the contracting authority starts by advertising the opportunities. Interested participants apply and gives the information through w hich the contracting authority to determine the competitiveness of the applicants for the contracts and thus few of the qualified applicants are shortlisted for the second phase which is the actual competitive dialogue. The dialogue entails thorough discussions with the shortlisted participants and the contracting authority stops to engage when it is assured of proposals that will meet her requirements. After the dialogue, the authority then invites tenders for the contract and the evaluation of the tenders stick to the formula of most economically advantageous. On the other hand, negotiated procedures involve the negotiation of procurement by procurer (contracting authority) and the potential bidders where the most cost effective bidders get the contract award1. The competitive dialogue pass through the two stages as with the prior procedure with the difference notable in that within the negotiated procedures the contracting authority requires proposals from the shortlisted partici pants before engaging in negotiations. In the analysis of procurement through competitive dialogue as well as the negotiation procedures, the most outstanding thing is that both the procurer and the supplier has information that the other has not and is important for the tendering process to be efficient as well as successful. The success of the negotiated as well as the competitive dialogue procurement procedures rest on the ability for the parties involved to use the information at hand convincingly to win the contract award. The two procedures therefore run hand in hand and are thus reviewed together. In the event that competitive dialogue becomes strenuous, then procurer would source for a probable supplier within the market and thus negotiate the procurement procedures. Competitive Dialogue According to the directive 2004-18-ec, the member states have the provision of choosing what kind of contracting that the authorities would be permitted to use either through central purchas ing bodies, auctions by electronic means, dynamic purchasing systems as well as through competitive dialogue procedure2. Competitive dialogue is a mechanism or a procedure through which institutions achieve bidding mechanisms for the purpose of procurement by discussions. It is a provision through which all economic operators are allowed to request to participate in the competitive dialogue leading to assignment of a contract. A newly devised procedure, Competitive dialogue is most applied in public procurement and bidding practices. It was designed to be used in contract procedures, which the open or closed procurement proce

Evaluate the Decision Making Process Assignment

Evaluate the Decision Making Process - Assignment Example Despite the forth coming problems, an effective and true decision, which is taken at right time, may also saves many of the important organizational resources (Ingram, 2010). According to the experts, the basic goal of the decision making process is to achieve some desired and set goals and objectives and avoid negative and poor consequences (Krehbiel, 2012). The firms’ managers always try to take a right decision at right time so that they can support the other organizational activities and thus giving a better output productivity. When any decision is taken in the organizational perspective than for sure it will help the organizational mangers but at the same time there can be some good or best decisions which not only support the organizational system but also add up to the efficiency of the organizational activities and the operations (Krehbiel, 2012). The process of decision making is a systematic progression which actually works in a step by step series. The process may starts with the recognition of the problem. This can be happen when the manager or any of workers may predict or forecast any possible problem or contingency in the very short run for the organization (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Here it is not necessary that there will be a prediction of the problem rather the manger may come to know about the problem when they are badly struck in it. The critical point is that the manger or the firm mya truly identify the problem in the situation. Many of the mangers may get confuse between the actual problem and its symptoms. In most of the situation, the symptoms are very clear but the mangers may not track the problem exactly. Therefore, at first step the real identification of the problem is very important (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Now in this situation the managers must carefully analyze all the possible factors and the reasons, so that they may come to know about the difference between the symptoms and the actual problem

Do fewer guns in the population mean fewer homicides Research Paper

Do fewer guns in the population mean fewer homicides - Research Paper Example Therefore, to reduce homicide cases in their countries, some governments have considered banning gun ownership. Therefore, this shows that these governments believe that homicide is normally committed using guns only. The issue of guns and homicide has raised concerns in the previous years, and is still debated, especially when the USA recently undertook a move to ban gun ownership in the country. Nonetheless, considering the statistics from different countries about their gun ownership status and levels of homicide, it is clear that fewer guns in society does not mean fewer homicides. Homicide and murder are two different elements. Although both involve killing, their difference rests in the motivation behind the killing. While in murder, a person kills due to malicious motives, in homicide, the killer kills for no reason. There have been many incidences this year and in the past years, where people engage in mass shootings in schools, in movie theatres, and in places of worship. This is considered homicide, since the killer has no malicious motive when he or she shoots at the people and kills them. In the USA, such incidences are ones that motivated the government to consider proclaiming a gun ownership ban in the country, in order to prevent such incidences from occurring in the future (Beeghley, 2003). Generally, lawmakers have started getting interested in controlling amount of guns in the population after the incident at Newtons, believing that, the fewer the guns, the safer the population. However, it is important to understand the correlation between gun ownership and reduced homicide. This can be answered using various statistics showing the safety situation in different world countries, with regard to gun ownership. Homicide can be committed using a gun, or any other weapon capable of killing. However, it is easier to commit homicide using a gun. Therefore, if the number of guns in the population is reduced,

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Personal Development Plan - Essay Example As a result of the way and manner in which I approach my work with much confidence, my clients have always had trust in my ability to delivery, which is a very important tool for ensuring that I deliver up to expected standards for my clients. Equally so is the confidence and trust that my co-workers and superiors have in me. Finally, I have showed great strength in my knowledge in general x-ray procedures, which has affected the output of my work very positively. In the delivery of my works, there are very specific procedures such as fluoroscopy that I have not effectively mastered. My communication with some line of people is also affected with my difficulty in understanding their accent. Very often also, I have overworked myself, causing me to be stressed. Lastly, I do not have an in-depth knowledge in the area of pathology. These weaknesses are actually guidelines for me as to how I need to develop my action plan into the future to function more effectively. This is because I realise that if I am able to overcome these weaknesses and turn them into strengths, I shall become more useful at work. As important as it is for me work on all my identified weaknesses, I believe that taking this one at a time will be much helpful for me. For this reason, I have a focusing area which I want to start with. This focus area has to do with developing my knowledge in pathology. I have selected this as my focusing area due to the direct influence and linkage it has on my professional practice. With my work in x-ray procedures and radiography in general, I find the development of my knowledge in pathology as a crucial requirement that will ensure that I have a total understanding for my patients and their health situations. Clearly having a better understanding of the overall health structure of a patient helps in giving quality healthcare to the patient. As pathology deals with â€Å"the examination of organs,

Does one on one tutoring have a positive effect on my students' Dissertation

Does one on one tutoring have a positive effect on my students' attitude about reading - Dissertation Example Furthermore, studies showed a strong relationship between structured and quality tutoring and reading attitudes. Sources indicated, however, that contextual factors must also be considered when understanding attitudes on reading, such as training of tutors and structure of tutor strategies, frequency and regularity of tutoring sessions, close monitoring and evaluation practices, and specially designed curriculum for readers with reading problems or disabilities (McKenna et al., 1995; McKool, 2007; National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Does one-on-one tutoring have a positive effect on students' attitude about reading? I am directly involved in tutoring students to improve their attitude about reading. I am currently tutoring a 4th grader with ADHD, who reads at about a beginning 3rd grade level with poor comprehension skills. This boy has 3 siblings (1 older brother and 2 younger sisters) and a loud, rather disorganized home. The research will also include a 3rd grader who a co-worker is tutoring. This student has a stutter and reads at about a mid 1st grade level with difficulties in vowel sounds. This boy is an only child and I do not have knowledge of his home life or condition. Both boys have parents that are supportive, but only the 3rd grader’s mom is very involved with helping her child. ... This paper reviews the literature on tutoring and reading. Review of Literature The review of literature reveals that are numerous factors that shape reading attitudes, but the most prevalent are children's personal experiences in reading, children's self-confidence in reading, parents' attitudes towards reading, and teachers' teaching strategies. Furthermore, studies showed a strong link between structured and quality tutoring and reading attitudes. Factors that can Shape Reading Attitudes There are a variety of factors that affect children's attitudes toward reading: children's personal experiences in reading, children's self-confidence in reading, parents' attitudes towards reading, and teachers' teaching strategies. Sources indicated, however, that contextual factors must also be considered, such as training of tutors and structure of tutor strategies, frequent and regular tutoring sessions, close monitoring and evaluation, and specially designed curriculum for readers with readi ng problems or disabilities (McKenna et al., 1995; McKool, 2007; National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Children’s personal experiences in reading. Children's personal experiences in reading can improve children's attitudes toward reading (Wang, 2000, p.1). It is important that the environment of the children provides easy access to interesting books, because this leads to them experiencing the world of reading as an entertaining experience (National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; Wang, 2000, p.1). Access to quality books, however, is not widely provided by low-income families.

Hofstedes Culture Work Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hofstedes Culture Work - Case Study Example This obliviousness to the existence of 'culture' and the shared basic assumptions that unites a cultural group often leads to members of that group becoming confused or irritated when situations arise which are alien to their set of norms and expectations. Hofstede has conducted a study in which he researched some employees of Germany's E.ON in Spain. However, Hofstede's E.ON questionnaire was not designed for cultural comparisons but for organisational development. Employees gave self-report responses to about 160 items which Hofstede analysed with ingenuity; he compared scores not for individuals but between countries, which he called an "ecological analysis." He reported and analysed four dimensions of culture: Individualism versus Collectivism: "Individualism - a preference for a loosely knit social framework in society, in which individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and immediate family's only; as opposed to Collectivism - a preference for a tightly knit social framework..." Masculinity versus Femininity: "Masculinity - a preference for achievement, heroism, assertivene... iduals are supposed to take care of themselves and immediate family's only; as opposed to Collectivism - a preference for a tightly knit social framework..." Masculinity versus Femininity: "Masculinity - a preference for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material success; as opposed to Femininity - a preference for relationships, modesty, caring for the weak, and the quality of life" Uncertainty Avoidance: "the degree to which members of society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity" (Hofstede, 1983, 1991) Hofstede has made unusual efforts to elaborate the conceptual nature of his dimensions. Such extensions have also been made by others such as Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997). There is already considerable research concentrating on these dimensions, especially regarding individualism-and collectivism. Individualism versus Collectivism Our sense of identity is often dependent, to a large degree, on our sense of belonging to and affiliation with a particular group - be it family, caste, clan, tribe or class. However, in individualistic countries, much more emphasis is placed on the realisation of the individual. Independence is greatly valued and social bonds between people tend to be relatively loose and flexible. This is particularly evident in the decision-making process as decisions tend to be made by individuals in positions of authority rather than by a committee or group. On the other hand, collectivistic countries are primarily oriented towards common goals and objectives and more value is placed on group interests. In collectivistic countries, employees often expect the organisation to protect their interests by way of providing them with professional development, benefits and long term security within the organisation. Needless to say

Does one on one tutoring have a positive effect on my students' Dissertation

Does one on one tutoring have a positive effect on my students' attitude about reading - Dissertation Example Furthermore, studies showed a strong relationship between structured and quality tutoring and reading attitudes. Sources indicated, however, that contextual factors must also be considered when understanding attitudes on reading, such as training of tutors and structure of tutor strategies, frequency and regularity of tutoring sessions, close monitoring and evaluation practices, and specially designed curriculum for readers with reading problems or disabilities (McKenna et al., 1995; McKool, 2007; National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Does one-on-one tutoring have a positive effect on students' attitude about reading? I am directly involved in tutoring students to improve their attitude about reading. I am currently tutoring a 4th grader with ADHD, who reads at about a beginning 3rd grade level with poor comprehension skills. This boy has 3 siblings (1 older brother and 2 younger sisters) and a loud, rather disorganized home. The research will also include a 3rd grader who a co-worker is tutoring. This student has a stutter and reads at about a mid 1st grade level with difficulties in vowel sounds. This boy is an only child and I do not have knowledge of his home life or condition. Both boys have parents that are supportive, but only the 3rd grader’s mom is very involved with helping her child. ... This paper reviews the literature on tutoring and reading. Review of Literature The review of literature reveals that are numerous factors that shape reading attitudes, but the most prevalent are children's personal experiences in reading, children's self-confidence in reading, parents' attitudes towards reading, and teachers' teaching strategies. Furthermore, studies showed a strong link between structured and quality tutoring and reading attitudes. Factors that can Shape Reading Attitudes There are a variety of factors that affect children's attitudes toward reading: children's personal experiences in reading, children's self-confidence in reading, parents' attitudes towards reading, and teachers' teaching strategies. Sources indicated, however, that contextual factors must also be considered, such as training of tutors and structure of tutor strategies, frequent and regular tutoring sessions, close monitoring and evaluation, and specially designed curriculum for readers with readi ng problems or disabilities (McKenna et al., 1995; McKool, 2007; National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; U.S. Department of Education, 1997). Children’s personal experiences in reading. Children's personal experiences in reading can improve children's attitudes toward reading (Wang, 2000, p.1). It is important that the environment of the children provides easy access to interesting books, because this leads to them experiencing the world of reading as an entertaining experience (National Institute on Out-of-School Time at Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009; Wang, 2000, p.1). Access to quality books, however, is not widely provided by low-income families.

European Car Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Car Market - Essay Example In the real world, there is no such market as a perfect competition as every firm tries to differentiate its product from others and perfect competition involves perfect homogeneity. Perfect competition occurs where every characteristic of competition is known to the seller and as well as the buyer thus giving all information to the market. Due to the interaction of forces of demand and supply the market price stays for all thus the firms become price-takers and mainly compete on the terms of cost only. This raises the issue of profit maximization and firms in the perfect competition tend to increase their profits by only reducing costs. Further the point that perfect knowledge about the market means that despite of how much a firm produces it will get the same price throughout its production schedule as in a perfect market the average revenue is constant and so is the marginal revenue thus implying that the price elasticity is zero thus a decline or raise in price would bring about no change to the total revenue. In the perfect market, demand tends to stay constant throughout and since the firms are small, increment to the cost will only add up to the loss. The perfect market is more vulnerable to competition as there are many buyers and sellers. So the effect of entry and exit of a single supplier does not play a major role in upsetting the market whereas in the oligopolistic case, the effect of exit of any one firm plays a vital role in changing the entire market structure. Product Homogeneity and competition Product homogeneity is another factor that deters the taxonomy of the car industry as being perfect. In a perfect competition, the products are considered as homogenous thus they share the same attributes as of their rival products. This again reflects the point that this market is more prone to price changes and therefore entry and exit of firms will keep on happening. Consider that if the car market is to be called as perfect market then there would be many firms wanting to join the industry to reap better profits as it is a growing industry and so addition of new firms would keep on expanding the market thus there would be a time when the supply of cars will exceed the desired demand thereby causing a decline in price making many firms lose out. Thus only short term profits could be achieved and further it is possible that the losing firms may not be able to cover up their costs even. The point to be raised is that is there a substitute use of the machinery needed to manufacture cars Probably not as the technology required to build car engines would be in appropriate to be applied to Water-filters or cigarettes. In this case if the demand for cars falls so can the producer make a sudden move and go into the cigarette industry Never, it is difficult to shutdown large plants in a short period of time. Economies of Scale The point from which the economies of scale start is hard to attain at the momentary run. Economies of scale reflects the efficiency of the firm in the long run and in perfect competitio

Different Aspects Of Patient Care Nursing Essay

Different Aspects Of Patient Care Nursing Essay To help me reflect upon my practice from my first placement to my second placement, I will use Driscolls model of reflection (Driscolls model 2000). Driscolls model uses three stages to help analyse practice; what happened; providing a description of the event, what have you learned; giving an account of how you felt at the time and what you have learned after revisiting the experience and finally your proposed actions for the future and how you are going to implement what you have learned from reviewing the experience (John Driscoll, 2011). Throughout this assignment I will be discussing different aspects of patient care which have occurred during my time in my first and second placement. To maintain patient confidentiality within my assignment I had to gain consent from patients, making them fully aware of why I needed their consent and how their information would be used, following the NMC code of conduct You must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC, 2008). During my assignment I will not be using the patients real names due to confidentiality but, I will be addressing them using Patient A and Patient B. Firstly, I am going to reflect on practice using Driscolls reflective model. The first stage is to describe what happened during my experience. While on my second placement, myself and a nurse had to bed bath patient A in a side room. The patient was in the side room due to having Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff) which was found after sending a loose stool sample. I had already gained consent from patient A for myself and the nurse to give a bed bath in accordance with the NMC code of conduct (NMC, 2008) and following this I went to collect the correct equipment to perform the task. As patient A had Clostridium Difficile they needed to be isolation nursed. We isolate nurse to prevent the risk of spreading germs to other patients and staff (NHS, 2010). Outside of the side room there were red aprons and gloves which needed to be put on before entering. Before entering the side room, it is essential to collect all equipment to avoid leaving the room unnecessarily. You need to put on a pro tective apron and gloves to prevent the risk of contamination to clothes and hands (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). Once in the side room, I explained to patient A what would happen. I encouraged patient A to be as independent as possible; however, patient A could only do little due to reduced mobility. I made sure dignity was maintained at all times by exposing only the part of the body I was cleaning. As patient A was less mobile, patient A couldnt fully assist with rolling; however, with support from myself and the nurse, we could roll patient A enough to clean the back and buttocks. To enable this to happen; I put patient As arms across their chest and gently rolled patient A onto their side, I provided support to patient A while the nurse cleaned and put clean sheets on the bed. During the task I communicated with patient A to ensure they felt comfortable, and to keep patient A informed of what myself and the nurse where doing. Driscolls model now asks me to analyse my feelings and what I have learned. Throughout the experience I felt confident in what I was doing as I had gained previous experience on my first placement; however, when I was on my first placement at a surgical ward I was asked to bed bath a patient with the assistance of a Health care assistant, I felt very anxious as I had never been in direct patient contact before and this was the first time I had been in a care environment. Although I had learned about the requirements of personal qualities and how to promote dignity and autonomy which is needed to assist with personal care in lectures at University, I had never put them into practice until my first placement. During this event I have learned what isolation nursing is and why we need to implement it if a patient has contracted certain infections. At first, I did not feel comfortable with the concept of isolation nursing as I had never come across this type of infection prevention and control procedure before; however, the nurse explained to me the importance of putting on a red apron and gloves before entering the room, and explained to me that I need to dispose of my apron and gloves in an orange clinical waste bag for incineration and to wash my hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the room to remove and spores, and explained that I should not use my alcohol gel in this situation as it is ineffective at eliminating spores. Infection Prevention and control is a term used to protect people from infections. It is used in healthcare to prevent patients acquiring those infections associated with health care and to prevent the transmission of micro-organisms from one patient to another (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). In the future, if I were to isolate nurse a patient, I feel I would be more confident as I now understand the importance of infection prevention and control procedures such as wearing protective clothing to prevent spreading infections and the process of discarding contaminated waste. On evaluation of this experience, I feel that my communication skills on my second placement have improved greatly from my first placement, as I am now feeling more comfortable with communicating with different people to help establish a therapeutic relationship, as this is very important when delivering patient care. I believe I communicated effectively with the patient and a therapeutic relationship was recognised. I will now reflect upon Organisational Aspects of Care. During my first placement on a surgical ward, I had to take many observations including; Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, Temperature, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate. On the surgical ward, immediately after surgery the above observations needed to be taken every hour. During my second placement, which was on a medical ward, observations are taken every 4 or 8 hours depending on the needs of the patient; however, if the Doctor or Nurse deems the patient to be at risk, the observations are increased. When carrying out all observations, it is vital the patients Early Warning Score chart is available, as this is where all observations are recorded. This assessment tool is divided into sections relating to the types of observation you are taking. Within the sections is a colour code to indicate if the recording is of no, low, mild or high concern. All observations need to be recorded, as anything that is not written down did not happen. When recording in official documents all information needs to be eligible and correct and needs to have the date and time it commenced (NMC, 2008). The first time I had to assist with taking observations, I was very nervous as I had never taken them before and was unsure of how to approach the patient as I had not yet formed a therapeutic relationship with them. I found it difficult to take patients temperature as I was not sure how far into the ear canal I should put the tympanic probe; however, I asked my mentor for advise and she said that what I was doing was correct which gave me more confidence the next time. With regards to the patients Early Warning Score, I always record each result as soon as it has been measured to make sure I do not forget, or mistake it for something else. When recording any result, it is vital to check if the patient has any parameters set, most patients on my second placement had parameters set. Patients would have parameters set if the EWS parameters are not specific enough to the patient. Once all observations have been taken it is essential to note whether the patient has an early warning score or not. If the patient does have an early warning score, it is imperative to tell a staff nurse immediately as this could be a sign of something severe. Measures and documents vital signs and responds appropriately to findings outside the normal range (NMC, 2010) Another observation which I found difficult was respiration rate. I learned at University to be discreet when looking at a patients respiratory rate, as, if the patient knows what you are observing, they are more likely to alter their breathing rate, which gives you a false reading. On my second placement, I feel more confident with taking observations; however, I still struggle with respiration rate. I now know that I can observe the patients breathing while checking their pulse; however, if they start to talk or their chest does not make significant movement I find it takes me a while. When taking observations now, I feel much more confident with the layout of the Early Warning Score Chart and knowing when it is necessary to inform my mentor or staff nurse. Over a period of time, my skills will develop sufficiently, and I will gain more experience helping me to understand what is appropriate for the patient; nevertheless, I feel as a first year student nurse, my skill level when taking observations, recording them and my knowledge of an Early Warning Score assessment tool is what it should be. I will now discuss Nutritional and Fluid Management in accordance to Driscolls reflective model. While on my second placement, a medical ward, I had to care for patients who needed assistance with eating and drinking. During meal times, some patients required assistance with eating and drinking, such as; cutting up their food into reasonable sized pieces which they could independently manage. On one occasion I was asked if I could feed a patient, to which I agreed. I already had my apron on, so I approached patient B to ask if it was OK for me to assist them with their dietary needs, to which they answered it was, I then proceeded to wash my hands to prevent contamination of infections (NMC, 2008), (NICE, 2012). I brought patient Bs dinner straight from serving to ensure it was hot and manoeuvred patient Bs table to a comfortable position for myself to avoid over stretching, and prevent spillage of food, then sat patient B upright in their bed to prevent choking and, made sure they w ere comfortable and presentable before starting to feed to maintain patient dignity and autonomy (NMC, 2012) .Throughout the meal time, I was careful not to rush patient B with their eating, and I encouraged them to drink plenty. I acknowledged when patient B wanted a rest, and when they were full, trying to encourage patient B to eat as much as possible before indicating the need to stop. Patient B had a food and fluid chart as they were at risk of malnutrition. A food chart provides suitable evidence of a persons nutritional intake which acts as a valuable resource for all members of a multi-disciplinary team; dieticians and nurses to assess whether a dietary treatment plan is necessary for the particular patient (Freeman, 2002). It was my role, once patient B had finished their lunch to complete the charts accurately. All through the experience I was very nervous as I had never assisted someone with food and drink, and I had not yet developed a therapeutic relationship with patient B. On my previous placement, a surgical ward, most patients were independent with food and drink so did not require support, or monitoring on a food chart due to the majority of patients having healthy diets, therefore I did not have a great opportunity to learn what they are, or how to fill them in correctly. However, on my second placement I had witnessed a health care assistant filling in a food chart, so I used my initiative to ask what they were and how you fill them in, so I knew what to do if a situation arose where I needed to complete it. As I had never assisted anyone with feeding before, I felt inadequate and uncomfortable in case I put too much or too little onto the cutlery or fed the patient slower or faster than they would usually eat. On reflection of this experience, I feel I communicated well with patient B to ensure I was appropriate with my actions and that I met their nutritional and fluid needs. I believe I completed the food and fluid charts accurately, leaving me feeling confident if a similar situation occurred. If this situation arose again, I now feel confident I know how to approach it, after gaining experience on my second placement with helping patients with food and drink. I now consider myself to have acquired the correct knowledge and skills to not feel inadequate as I previously had, and I now know what to do when assisting with feeds and completing the required charts, giving me more self-assurance when I approach patients. I will now reflect upon the skills cluster; medicines management comparing my first placement and my second placement as a first year student nurse. Throughout my two placements subcutaneous injections were commonly used. The injection I will be talking about is Tinzaparin because it was used on both the surgical and medical ward. Tinzaparin is a low molecular weight heparin and is used for the treatment and prevention of blood clots (British National Formulary, 2011). During my first placement; a surgical ward, Tinzaparin was frequently used and I had previously observed my mentor administering the injection. After observing my mentor, she asked if I would like to administer the injection, to which I agreed. I had never given an injection; only to a model when learning the technique in University, so I felt very apprehensive. Before giving the injection I would gain consent from the patient, explaining what I would be doing and where on their body I would be administering the injection as there are various places subcutaneous injections can be given. I would ensure I would not be giving the injection into the same sight as the previous day as this can affect absorption rate (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). The patient gave me full consent to give the injection into their abdomen so I would continue to prepare. Prior to giving the subcutaneous injection, I checked it was the correct; drug, dose, patient, route, date and time and if it was signed by a doctor. If this was all correct, I would proceed to cleanse my hands to prevent contamination of medication. To administer the injection I would gently pinch the skin to lift the adipose tissue away from the muscle, removing the needle sheath and inserting the needle into the skin on a 45ÃÅ'Ã…   angle then releasing the skin. I would withdraw the needle quickly and apply pressure with a cotton wool ball (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). After giving the injection I would make sure all sharps were disposed of correctly and all documentation was completed and countersigned by my mentor. When on my second placement administration of subcutaneous injections was common on the evening medication rounds. I now feel less apprehensive about giving a subcutaneous injection as I have had practice and my professional skills have developed; however, I feel I need to increase my confidence, which will happen after I have given more injections. This is my first time in a health care environment; I had never observed anyone giving injections before my first placement. I found giving an injection daunting, especially if the patient was underweight; however, my mentor on my first placement said my technique was OK which calmed me down and gave me more self-esteem. I am definitely happier with the technique of administering a subcutaneous injection and I no longer feel as hesitant as I did on my first placement. On evaluation of medicines management, if I were to give a subcutaneous injection again I would feel less anxious as I now have practice and all relevant paper work completed to say I am competent. Even though the practice in placement has developed my skills greatly, I do not feel confident giving a subcutaneous injection to an underweight patient. I would communicate more with the patient, putting them at ease with my ability to administer the injection and I will continue to use the correct technique shown to me in University. After reflecting on my practice from placement one and two of my first year as a student nurse, I now know what I need to do to develop my skills throughout my second year as a student nurse. To show my development I will keep an up to date portfolio of my achievements to provide evidence of meeting the required competencies. To develop my skills as a second year nurse, I will continue to work closely with my practice mentors and academic mentors, seeking help and advice when needed to ensure I am professional and knowledgeable in my career. I will gain more experience as a second year, participating in different aspects of a nurses role to help further my development as a nurse. At all times I will work within my limitations as a student nurse and I will abide by University and work protocols to maintain a safe environment for myself, colleagues and patients. I aspire to nurse patients in a holistic manner, having a greater input into decisions about patient care, putting into practice all what I have learned by implementing the essential skills clusters. I will continue to treat all patients as individuals, maintaining their confidentiality and building therapeutic relationships to ensure I am promoting their health needs.

Jack and Simon in Chapter Three of the Lord of the Flies Essay example

Jack and Simon in Chapter Three of the Lord of the Flies In the Lord of the Flies, William Golding makes many contrasts between his symbolic characters. For example in chapter three, 'Huts on the beach', many contrasts and similarities are made between the two characters Jack and Simon. These descriptions give an idea to their personality and feelings. The description of Simon in the jungle, and Jack in the woods highlights many of their differences. Jack is alone and descriptions like, 'with flared nostrils', and 'ape- like' suggest he is behaving like an animal. Jack's appearance is also starting to resemble animals, as his hair has grown, 'longer', and his skin darker with, 'a mess of dark freckles'. Simon's appearance is described similarly to jacks. He has ' a coarse mop of black hair,' which was 'long' Simon on bare feet, like jack and he has dark skin and only wears, 'the remains of shorts'. This shows that both characters do not take much care in their appearance. In this sense, living on the island has effected them both in the same way. Jack has changed in himself by becoming less prim and proper. He has started to swear, become more dirty and tatty, 'streaked with brown earth' and he is wearing only, 'tattered shorts', these factors all show how jack is loosing his inhibitions and that from the start of the book he has changed greatly. The settings of the wood and jungle are quite similar, although the way Golding presents them greatly changed the perception of Jack and Simon. Simon, in the jungle is presented in an attractive way by descriptions like, 'the scent of ripeness' and, 'flower and fruit grow together on the same tree'. When Simon walks past the candle buds, the quote, 'the ... ... but it is evident that he has much wisdom, and says well thought through comments. An example of this is when Jack and Ralph are speaking, and Simon abruptly joins in their conversation by saying, 'as if it was not a good island'. This is meant in a way to try and make Jack and Ralph consider the point. Then he goes on to say, 'as if the beastie, the beastie or the snake- thing was real'. Simon unlike Ralph and Jack, does not find the beastie a threat, and does not seem scared or frightened about it. Jack and Ralph both like having the role as leader, and have a want for power over the lives of the group. Jack says to Ralph, ''you're chief. You tell 'em off', in a harsh tone, showing he is jealous about Ralph being leader. Simon, unlike Jack and Ralph shows no desire to be leader. This reinforces the idea that Simon could be compared to Jesus figure.

Like Water For Chocolate by Laura Esquivel Essay example -- Film Movie

Like Water For Chocolate The film, Like Water for Chocolate, represents a story through incorporating the idea of food as feelings and expressing the woman’s roles during the Mexican Revolution. The film is a romantic-comedy showing many joking ways of hard times and soft issues and the way of life. The most striking and theme seems to be how women seem to be in charge rather then males; during this time period, I thought that men were more likely to be the head of the household and in charge. Throughout the film, the main overall theme is that a woman had an illegitimate daughter with someone while she was married, her husband left her, and she was alone with three girls and the youngest, Tita, was to never marry because she was to take care of her mother until the day she died. As Tita grew her and a boy, Pedro, fell in love, but her mother would not allow her to marry, and instead, he married her sister, Rosura, to be close to her. Pedro and Rosura had their last child and Rosura vowed she would not be able to marry because she too, like Tita, would have to take care of her until the day she died. Tita very much hated this idea, as she hated how her mother controlled her and forbade her to not marry her only love, as seen at the end when Rosura dies, Pedro and Tita are now able to get married at last. This silly tradition of the youngest girl taking care of her mother shows the power of family traditions and most likely, a Latin American tradition. The mother was ...

Analysis And Reflection On A Science Activity Undertaken

This assignment will look into the effectual instruction of scientific discipline in the foundation phase and cardinal phase 1 by reflecting upon a scientific discipline activity undertaken during Autumn Attachment. It will discourse the of import points in scientific discipline instruction such as evocation, practical activities, distinction and the importance of appraisal. The great importance of learning scientific discipline in schools can be made clear by looking at the undermentioned points. The schools in general should learn kids the basic information and accomplishments of the scientific disciplines every bit good as the indispensable rules of scientific thought and job resolution. The purpose must be to prosecute the kids, to acquire them interested. Teachers should seek and avoid kids from holding bad experiences of scientific discipline and as a consequence disliking it. Primary school instruction is particularly of import. When learning lessons that cover the basic scientific constructs it can organize the footing of what could turn into a lasting involvement in scientific discipline. The kids need to be excited and motivated by scientific discipline in order for them to larn. One scientific undertaking that explored immature kids ‘s apprehension of scientific discipline was the SPACE undertaking ( the scientific discipline procedure and construct geographic expedition undertaking ) . Working within a constructivist model it explored 12 different countries of scientific discipline. The kids ‘s apprehension was investigated before a 6 hebdomad spread, it was so looked at once more to see if there had been any alterations. The consequences obtained from this survey led to 8 major research studies and a set of course of study stuffs ( Nuffield Primary Science ) being published and developed. SPACE was a classroom-based undertaking. It ‘s purpose was to set up the thoughts that primary school kids had in peculiar scientific discipline construct countries and the possibility of kids altering their thoughts as a consequence of relevant experiences. The joint managers of the survey were Doctor Wynne Harlen and Professor Paul Black. The undertaki ng was based upon the thought that kids develop their thoughts through the experiences they have therefore the purpose was to set up the above points.Ball experiment:During Autumn Attachment I led an activity affecting the usage of the senses and proving theories. The kids were shown 5 different balls. They were asked to touch and look at each ball one at a clip and give a brief description of how the ball looked and felt. They were so asked to give an appraisal of how many times they thought the ball would resile, based on how the ball looked and felt. The balls were so dropped from the same tallness and so kids counted each of the bouncinesss. The existent figure of bouncinesss was so written down following to the kids ‘s conjectures so the kids could compare their conjectures to the existent figure of bouncinesss. This activity involved the kids holding to utilize their senses, both touch and sight, to come up with a sensible conjecture of how many bouncinesss there would b e. They had to utilize their anterior cognition of balls they had experience of resiling in order to come up with their conjectures. When be aftering for this activity it would hold been utile to execute an evocation activity. It is really of import to find what present the kids are working at and to learn them harmonizing to their ability. Evocation is a stipulation to altering the kids ‘s different constructs. There are three conditions that are necessary for of import acquisition to take topographic point. The stuff that is presented must do sense or lucifer experience. The kid must cognize plenty relevant information and they need to be able to larn meaningfully. I unluckily did non show such an activity. If I had it would hold allowed me to be after the activity more efficaciously and derive better responses from the kids as I would hold better understood the kids ‘s degrees and had a better thought of what the kids already knew. ‘Scaffolding ‘ is an of import facet of kid development. Vygotsky defined it as the â€Å" function of instructors and others in back uping the scholar †˜s development and supplying support constructions to acquire to that following phase or degree † . The scaffolds allow a pupil ‘s to construct on anterior cognition and retrieve new information. This is merely what is so of import in the instruction of scientific discipline. Children should be able to construct on the anterior cognition they have with support from the instructor and the experiences they are offered. This is why evocation is so of import. In order to construct on a kid ‘s anterior cognition we must foremost larn what their anterior cognition is. I did nevertheless, consider distinction. Differentiation provides chances for kids of all abilities to show what they know, what they understand and what they can make. It involves offering the kids undertakings which enable them to demo some grounds of what they are capable of at their best. There are two ways to distinguish an activity ; distinction by result and distinction by undertaking. Differentiation by outcome involves all kids set abouting the same undertaking and the distinction is based on the quality of work or response given by the kids. Differentiation by undertaking involves the kids being set a specific undertaking based on their ability degrees. The undertakings may be differentiated on the footing of trouble, the sum of construction or the sum of counsel given or it could be all three. The activity I led was differentiated by result. The kids were all asked to take part in the same undertaking but the quality of the replies and responses given differed based on th e ability of each kid. There are both advantages and disadvantages for each type of distinction. In distinction by outcome the undertaking can be used by each kid and a comparing can be made between their abilities. It avoids holding to judge which students would be suited to which undertaking. It is nevertheless, rather hard to come up with a undertaking that will offer counsel and support for lower degree kids whilst non keeping back the higher degree kids. In the instance of my activity it was non needfully designed to provide for all ability groups in the category. The lower winners found it rather hard to come up with suited words to depict each ball every bit good as sensible estimations when thinking how many times the ball would resile. Again, an evocation activity would hold been improbably utile as it would demo what level the kids are at for that peculiar country of cognition and apprehension. It may besides hold been better to offer somewhat different undertakings coveri ng the same country of larning for the different abilities of the category. Distinguishing by undertaking allows the undertaking to be matched to the ability of the kid so all degrees of ability can see some success. Although the lower ability kids may hold taken away something from the activity they may hold gotten more from it had it been catered for their specific ability. It may hold besides helped to force the higher winners further by offering them an activity that was a little more ambitious than the one set. Measuring students advancement is another of import facet in order to estimate patterned advance. For this peculiar activity I chose to execute formative appraisal. This was due to the nature of the activity. The kids did non bring forth any written work that could hold been assessed. Formative appraisal, besides known as appraisal for larning ( AoF ) is all about measuring advancement, analyzing the information and eating back in a positive manner. This is so that any actions to be taken can be agreed by the kid and the instructor. It besides allows the learning methods to be changed so that any demands, of the kid, that have been identified can be met. Assessment for larning involves sharing any learning ends with the kids, self-assessment and peer reappraisal. Assessment for larning or formative appraisal is an on-going procedure and encourages the kids to take more duty for their ain acquisition. It besides involves the kids being aware of what they are larning and the intent of it. In hindsight this is something that I should hold implemented in my activity. Although they kids appeared to bask it and acquire involved, all offering their ain sentiments and positions, they likely did non cognize or understand why they were making it. Giving feedback to the kids is an of import facet after appraisal. Research has shown that giving feedback on mistakes and offering the chance for the kids to place their ain schemes for bettering their work in the hereafter is straight linked to important betterment. It is critical nevertheless, non to compare one kid to another or do mention to kids ‘s ability. It is besides thought that rating work can hold a negative consequence on public presentation and should hence be avoided. During this activity I made certain to promote kids to believe of new descriptive words and offered congratulations for any original or â€Å" out of the box † thought. I besides offered verbal congratulations for things that certain ki ds did that were good for them ; this was different depending on the ability of the kid. Due to the nature of this activity there was no written appraisal involved, this is nevertheless, another signifier of formative appraisal. It assess each kid ‘s advancement and offers constructive feedback. Written feedback can include teacher-led appraisal and child self-assessment. I decided to be after a practical activity as the kids in this peculiar category had small experience of scientific discipline activities and it was of import to capture their attending and excite them. Practical activities are one of the chief characteristics of learning scientific discipline. There are 4 chief functions of practical activities. They are used for deriving information, constructs and rules ; for developing procedure accomplishments ; to heighten acquisition of the nature of scientific discipline and for bettering attitudes towards scientific discipline. Although larning about scientific constructs is considered to be one the most of import facets, there is small grounds to propose that practical activities add to the acquisition of these constructs. What there is small uncertainty about nevertheless, is that practical activities change peoples positions of scientific discipline, that they about ever better kids ‘s enjoyment of scientific discipline and that pro cedure accomplishments are more efficaciously taught. They provide a common set of experiences for the kids that can be used in treatments with the whole category or with persons. It was surely the best pick for this group of kids. They were engaged and excited about the constructs they were larning approximately and this helped them to be engaged for a drawn-out period of clip. It is besides more likely that the kids will retrieve the experience of physically resiling the balls to work out the job instead than merely discoursing it. Scientific question is thought to be a really of import facet of learning scientific discipline within the National Curriculum. It gives instructors the chance to force the pupils frontward and to heighten their apprehension of the topic. By leting the kids to take portion in probes it allows them to inquire inquiries, use their experimental accomplishments to come up with sensible accounts for why things happen and investigate facets of the universe.Decision:I have to hold that scientific question is a really of import facet of learning scientific discipline. Children need to be able to inquire inquiries and figure things out for themselves. In order for this to go on I feel that practical experiences of scientific constructs is something all kids should acquire the opportunity to take portion in during scientific discipline lessons, particularly in primary schools. Children need to hold strong, positive experiences of scientific discipline for a solid foundation for the hereafter. Peoples of all ages remember more of what they do that of what they hear, hence, I feel to learn scientific discipline efficaciously there needs to be practical activities offered to kids. This is non the lone of import facet of scientific discipline instruction, nor is the lone thing needed in order to learn scientific discipline efficaciously. Evocation activities need to take topographic point so that the kids ‘s abilities and cognition can be noted and the lessons differentiated consequently. For the kids to hold genuinely meaningful experiences they need to experience like they can fall in in. Therefore the lessons need to provide for all. Assessment, excessively, is critical. It is needed to maintain path of the kids ‘s advancement and their abilities. In short, kids need to hold solid, positive experiences that are catered towards their demands in order to hold a positive mentality on larning the scientific disciplines.

Bolwbys theory of attachment Essay

Outline and Evaluate Bowlby’s Evolutionary Theory of Attachment. (12mark) Attachment can be described using two theories, one being Bowlby’s attachment theory which is based on an evolutionary perspective. The theory suggests that evolution has produced a behaviour that is essential to the survival to allow the passing on of genes. An infant that keeps close to their mother is more likely to survive. The traits that lead to that attachment will be naturally selected. Bowlby has the idea that attachment has evolved and it is innate as it increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction, he suggests that children are already born with this innate drive and that they were born to perform these behaviours and born to attain attachment. To enhance the survival of their offspring caregiving is also adaptive and we are born to care for our children. He suggests that infants were born with social releasers (for example: crying/smiling) which encourage caregiving. Bowlby also suggests that there is a best time to form an attachment, this is called the sensitive period where infants are most sensitive to development of attachments and Bowlby would suggest that this is when the child is 3-6 months old. However, attachment can still take place at other times but it becomes increasingly difficult. Attachment acts as a secure base for exploration, which influences independence rather than dependence. Bowlby argues that infants form a single special attachment with one particular attachment figure, usually the mother. This is called monotropy. Other attachments may develop in a hierarchy. An infant may therefore have a primary monotropy attachment to its mother, and below her the hierarchy of attachments might include its father, siblings, grandparents, etc. Another key feature of Bowlby’s theory is that the infant develops an internal working model of relationships that guides relationship behaviour as an older child and an adult. This leads to the continuity hypothesis and the view that there is a link between the early attachment and later emotional behaviour. A strength of this theory is that research appears to suggest that once the sensitive period has passed it is difficult to form attachments. Hodges and Tizard (1989) found that children who have formed no attachments had later difficulties with their peers. This therefore supports Bowlby’s concept of a sensitive period during which infants are most sensitive to the development of attachments. Another strength is that if attachment did evolve as Bowlby suggests then we would expect attachment and caregiving to be universal. Tronick et all (1992) studied an African family tribe where infants were fed by different women but slept with their own mother at night. However, despite this, after six months the children all still showed one primary attachment. This supports the view that we are born to attain attachment because attachment and caregiving are universal and not influenced by different cultures. Finally, Bowlby suggested that infants form multiple attachments which then form a hierarchy and there is much evidence to support this. The study by Schaffer and Emerson also found that most infants have many attachments. They reported that there was little relationship between time spent together and attachment. This suggests that it is the quality of caregiving rather than the quantity of it. This supports Bowlby’s theory because it goes against the Learning theory as the learning theory suggests that food is the main key to developing an attachment. A weakness of this theory is the multiple attachment model as this model suggests that there are no primary and secondary attachments but instead they are all integrated into one single model. Grossman and Grossman researched infant-father attachment and found that there is a key role for the father’s in social development. This is a criticism because Grossman and Grossman are suggesting that there is not one particular figure as Bowlby suggests but that fathers and mothers both play a role in the development of a child and therefore they both are as important as each other. Another weakness includes the internal working model as according to Bowlby it is expected that children form similar attachments with all people because they are working from the same model. Lamb (1977) found that some children form secure relationships with their mothers and insecure relationships with their fathers. This suggests that there is more to attachment than just a sensitive response to a social releaser. Kagan (1984) found that children have an innate temperament, e. g. easy going or difficult, that influences early attachments with their caregivers and later relationships when they are adults. This is called temperament hypothesis. This means that attachments form as a result of temperament not an innate gene for attachment.