B & Q Marketing Environment

As competition increases in the retail consumer markets, it becomes increasingly necessary for businesses to examine the marketing environment.The following explores B & Q brand, which is a home improvement retailer in the UK. The company functions as a subsidiary of the larger Kingfisher Plc. The report covers the history of B & Q as a company. A macroenvironment analysis and a microenvironment analysis follow this. The analysis models are critiqued based on their application to the market needs, with recommendations for improvement.B & Q CompanyBack in 1960s, home improvement was a pastime for the minority. Professional building supplies were mostly located at builder’s merchants and service provided by large stores was intimidating to the average DIY’er. The first B&Q was opened by Richard Block and David Quayle (whose surname initials later provided the company name) in Portswood Road, Southampton, in Hampshire in 1969. Its mission was to bring value, longer opening hours and a broader product range to everyone (B & Q PLC 2007). By 1979, B&Q had a total of 26 stores (B & Q PLC 2007).Through the early 1980s, B&Q grew rapidly and became part of the Kingfisher Group (B&Q’s parenting company), and by the end of the decade B&Q had expanded to 280 stores and offered customers larger stores and even greater product range (B & Q PLC 2007). In 1995, the first larger format B&Q warehouse store opened and B&Q began opening for business on Sundays (B & Q PLC 2007).The first store outside the UK was opened January 1996, in Taiwan. In 1998, B&Q merged with France’s leading home improvement retailer, Castorama, to become the largest home improvement retailer in Europe (B & Q PLC 2007).B&Q adapted a click-and-mortar approach to stay up to date with technological changes. B&Q’s Web site, www.diy.com, has been transactional since early 2001, providing access 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, offering products, expert advice, inspirational room ideas and ‘how to’ guides, as well as general information on stores (B & Q PLC 2007).The average visiting number on the site has increased tenfold since that date. Their research shows 60,000 to 600,000 visitors a week, 90% of whom visit a store, and 12% of store visitors have already used the site for research prior to their visit (B & Q PLC 2007). This demonstrates a good cross over between the virtual and physical stores (B & Q PLC 2007).B&Q is continuing to evolve its product offer, providing the broader range of products needed to complete home improvement projects and the associated finishing touches, along with existing core DIY products. A wider range of products are available through special order, where goods can be ordered in-store, from a catalogue or online and delivered directly to the consumers home.Macro-Environment (PEST)The marketing macro-environment (Kotler and Keller p 77 2003) is understood as the major forces that exist outside the business domai n. These are the forces that the company must function within, but may have little control over. Kotler and Keller (2003) identify the macro-economic forces as the PEST analysis, which is compromised of political, economical, social and technological forces that place pressure on the business.PoliticalOrganizations today are subject to an increasing number of regulations that entail compliance. Government regulations are sometimes threatening mechanisms for value representation and virtually no support to communication processes that create win/win situations where multiple stakeholder and shareholders can successfully pursue their mutual interests (Deetz, 1995).In addition to various national and international regulations, there are many more rules that stem either from regional or local governments or industry oversight committees. A recent major local political-legal struggle for B & Q is the â€Å"government planning policy that allowed bulky goods retailers to plant themselves in out-of-town parks is being abused by the clothing brands, whose consumers have plenty of space on the high street to swing carrier bags† (Cockram p 58 2003).This resulted in an increase of â€Å"more than  £1m in rent to the cost of a large store† (Cockram p 58 2003). This exemplifies Deetz (1995) contention that government regulations can behave as a threatening mechanism for business.Economical The DIY Industry has maintained high, positive international growth over several decades. In 2006, however, the UK DIY market suffered a profit decline (Horne 2006). This resulted in disappointing financial performance of B&Q and the decline in parent company Kingfisher's profits[1] to  £208 million (Horne p 3 2006).The force of economics has impacted the trends in the do-it-yourself market and increased the cost of building materials industry in the country (Horne 2006). This profit decrease is a direct result of 2005 cost increases, where competition rivalries were co mpeting for a smaller home owners market (Wilkinson p 9 2005). The impact of the housing market is significant because the DIY market caters to homeowners, thus higher cost of living expenses combined with increases in interest rates have a constricting impact on the market, which in turn creates a customer shortage for the UK DIY market (Wilkinson 2005).See Appendices A, B and C for an overview of Housing Market and Kingfisher Stock Value

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas and Brand New Way Essay

Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many â€Å"races† of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazil’s officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians’ â€Å"original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy† and promise that these lands will be â€Å"demarcated† and â€Å"protected†, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, â€Å"in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. † This claim is substantiated by the fact that â€Å"mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects,† (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous people’s cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians’ claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, â€Å"Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. † One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up â€Å"our lands that they call Mexico(1821), â€Å"Central America†(1823), and the â€Å"U. S. Southwest†(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2)† They also point out that â€Å"In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. † They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europe’s largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as â€Å"racial rape and cultural castration of our population†, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with â€Å"ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. † The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that â€Å"Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force†¦ We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. † Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning â€Å"from the beginning†. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Cleveland’s previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the â€Å"Newlands Resolution† This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaii’s indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL â€Å"remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha)†. Additionally, the JACL believes that â€Å"unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all†¦ full range or consideration of Hawaii’s peoples’ rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaii’s society,†(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current â€Å"hip Hawaiian culture,† with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiian’s sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the â€Å"nation within a nation† model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many â€Å"races† of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazil’s officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians’ â€Å"original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy† and promise that these lands will be â€Å"demarcated† and â€Å"protected†, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, â€Å"in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. † This claim is substantiated by the fact that â€Å"mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects,† (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous people’s cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians’ claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, â€Å"Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. † One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up â€Å"our lands that they call Mexico(1821), â€Å"Central America†(1823), and the â€Å"U. S. Southwest†(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2)† They also point out that â€Å"In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. † They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europe’s largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as â€Å"racial rape and cultural castration of our population†, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with â€Å"ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. † The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that â€Å"Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force†¦ We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. † Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning â€Å"from the beginning†. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Cleveland’s previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the â€Å"Newlands Resolution† This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaii’s indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL â€Å"remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha)†. Additionally, the JACL believes that â€Å"unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all†¦ full range or consideration of Hawaii’s peoples’ rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaii’s society,†(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current â€Å"hip Hawaiian culture,† with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiian’s sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the â€Å"nation within a nation† model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People. Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many â€Å"races† of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazil’s officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians’ â€Å"original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy† and promise that these lands will be â€Å"demarcated† and â€Å"protected†, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, â€Å"in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. â€Å" This claim is substantiated by the fact that â€Å"mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects,† (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous people’s cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima. The Indians’ claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, â€Å"Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. † One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up â€Å"our lands that they call Mexico(1821), â€Å"Central America†(1823), and the â€Å"U. S. Southwest†(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848). (Mexica, 2)† They also point out that â€Å"In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. † They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europe’s largest city. Powerful phrases are used, such as â€Å"racial rape and cultural castration of our population†, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with â€Å"ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind: the self-hate of an entire people. † The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage. They believe that â€Å"Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force†¦ We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. † Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning â€Å"from the beginning†. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves. They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well: the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible. The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill. This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen. The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii. In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Cleveland’s previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the â€Å"Newlands Resolution† This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaii’s indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL â€Å"remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha)†. Additionally, the JACL believes that â€Å"unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all†¦ full range or consideration of Hawaii’s peoples’ rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaii’s society,†(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current â€Å"hip Hawaiian culture,† with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiian’s sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the â€Å"nation within a nation† model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common: internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally.

Globalization And Its Impact On Pakistan s Economy

SYNOPSIS Topic: Globalization and its impact on Pakistan’s economy Submitted to: Miss Ayesha Submitted by: Syeda Fatima Nadir Semester: 6 Major: Economics Introduction: Globalisation is the process of international unification that arises from the exchange of world views, ideas, products and some other features of culture. The term of globalization has been increasingly used since 1980s and especially the mid-1990s.In 2000 IMF introduced four basic aspects of Globalization which are trade transactions, migration of people, capital and investment movements and distribution of knowledge. Moreover environmental challenges such as change in climate, cross boundary air and water pollution and over fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. There are positive and negative effects of globalisation. Positive effects include decrease in inflation rate because of the increasing competition in international markets that forces the producers to stabilize the prices. Advancements in technology and efficiency in growth are the supplementary benefits of it. But at the same time it has created some problems like inequality and instability in financial mark ets, worseShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Effect on Pakistan1531 Words   |  7 PagesAffect of Globalization on Pakistan The word Globalization refers to â€Å"the growing integration of economies and societies around the world† (World Bank 2010). There has been an increasing amount of connection between various economies and one of the greatest challenges we face is to make this connection a positive one. Globalization certainly has the greatest influence on developing nations around the world. Countries such as India, China and Russia have been positively affected by globalization sinceRead MoreGlobalization1305 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Globalization, by definition, is the integration and democratization of the world s culture, economy, and infrastructure through transnational investment, rapid spread of communication and information technologies, and the impacts of free-market on local, regional and national economies. The golden words of late Dr. Mahbub ul Haq provides the true vision: Globalization is no longer an option, it is a fact. 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Essay on A Raisin in the Sun vs. The Glass Menagerie

A Raisin in the Sun vs. The Glass Menagerie America is known around the world as the land of opportunity, a place where you can follow your dreams. No matter how selfish or farfetched ones dream may be, their goal will always be available. Whether it be the pursuit of the woman of your dreams, like that of Jay Gatsby, or the hunt for something pure and real, like Holden Caulfield. A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, and The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, exhibit the various types of American lifestyles and the aspiration that surface among each character. The dreams between the characters in the two literary works differ in selfishness, and availability. Tom is a young man bearing the responsibility of†¦show more content†¦Another means of Tom’s escape are his outings to the movie, which are aided by the fire escape. Tom goes to the movies for several reasons; to satisfy his need for alcohol, to escape his home life, and to experience some adventure. Walter is a black man in the 1950’s supporting himself, his wife, son, sister and mother in a small apartment in Chicago. He and Tom are both treated less than what a human is worth. â€Å"†¦I open car doors all day long. I drive a man around in his limousine and I say, ‘Yes, sir; no, sir; very good, sir; shall I take the Drive, sir?’ Mama that ain’t no kind of job†¦ that ain’t nothing at all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 60). The Younger family has not been able to experience the finer things in life, and Walter, being the authoritative male figure, feels he is at fault knows that a change is needed. Walter’s solution is to use his father’s life insurance money to fund the acquiring of a liquor license. The women of the household are always ordering around Walter. It’s Ruth, Mama, or Beneatha telling him how to run things, and when he gets a chance to take the initiative by using the money to invest in his liquor license, his friend betrays him, and his dreams are crushed. Tom and Walter are in similar situations. They are living almost in poverty, and they are denied authority. Walter’s goal is not selfish, in that it is not just for him, but also for the benefit of the entire family.Show MoreRelatedMale Vs Female : Playwrights Of The 1950 S2361 Words   |  10 PagesMale Vs Female Black Vs White: Playwrights of the 1950’s Lorraine Hansberry was the first Black woman to pen a Broadway play. In her writings, she wrote male characters, many of whom were male protagonists. Being the feminist that she was, many people saw Hansberry’s depiction of Black men in one of two ways; either as an unhappy retreat from her feminist concerns or as a negative representation of Black manhood. Throughout her career, in works such as â€Å"The Village Voice† and â€Å"Les Blancs† Hansberry’sRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesRevolution(1789—1799) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (1) Neoclassicism: - reason, order, elegant wit - rationalism of enlightenment in 18th-cent. Romanticism: - passion, emotion, natural beauty - imagination, mysticism, liberalism (freedom to express personal feelings) Romantic vs. Neoclassic (2) Innovation: - subjects: common life; the supernatural; the far away and the long ago - style: common language really used by men; poetic symbolism Romantic vs. Neoclassic(3) Good poetry

Promote effective communication with individuals with...

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This Paper Provides a Critical Analysis of the Research Article

Questions: 1.How positive accounting research has proved successful in developing an understanding of human behavior in accounting settings? 2.What are the common deficiencies present in PAT (Positive Accounting theory) that limits its applicability in wider accounting researches? 3.Does accounting researchers need to develop better models in comparison to PAT for achieving better outcomes from accounting researches? Answers: Introduction This paper provides a critical analysis of the research article Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research written by Paul v Dunmore. The paper identifies and summarizes the key points illustrated in the article in relation to the positive accounting research. The aim of this critique is to develop an understanding of the arguments presented in the paper in reference to the use of positive accounting theory in explaining human behavior in accounting field. The research article is about discussing the challenges associated with the use of positive theory in maintaining the scientific nature of accounting settings (Dunmore, 2009). In this context, this paper discusses the future scope of positivist research program in accounting settings through analyzing the arguments presented in the research article. The paper presents a brief summary of the article, identifies its research question, discusses its theoretical framework and illustrates the significance and limitations of the arti cle. Summary of Article The given research article has provided an explanation regarding positive accounting in wider sense and depicted its importance in accounting researches. The theory of positive accounting, advocated by Watts and Zimmerman, was largely claimed to be basedprinciples of natural science. The theory was thus adopted by accounting researchers largely to resolve accounting issues by conducting scientific accounting researchers. The theory was utilized by business organizations in order to select the most appropriate accounting practices and concepts for resolving accounting problems. The accounting problems are resolved through the help of conducting quantitative accounting researches through incorporating the concepts of positive accounting theory (Bovens, Goodin and Schillemans, 2014). The positive approach to accounting researches is being analyzed in the overall research article through exploring its applicability in conducting successfully scientific researches. The positive accounting research is being regarded as a part of scientific researches as they seek to explain the cause and effect relationships of particular accounting phenomena. As such the theory finds extensive application in large and complex organizations to demonstrate the cause of human behavior in a particular situation (Chambers and Dean, 2013). The deficiencies of positive accounting research has been emphasized by the author in the given research article (Dunmore, 2009). The research article has regarded that the concept of positive research is much wider in comparison to the theoretical model of positive accounting theory. The concepts proposed by theoretical model of positive accounting can be used only to develop an understanding of the rational human behavior in accounting field. On the contrary, accounting field also seeks to gain an understanding of causes of non-rational human behavior such as explanation regarding use of discretion by manager in performance-evaluation systems or the cause of judgments taken by audit experts. Thus, it can be stated that the positive research program is much wider than the concepts advocated by the positive accounting theory (Wolk et al., 2012). Therefore, accounting researches does not only seek to explain the rational human behavior in accounting but also aim to provide an understanding of the non-rational aspects of human psychology. Also, the author has stated in the research article that the use of positiv e approach in accounting field only helps in exploring the causes but is not suitable for developing an understanding of the meaning of accounting concepts (Abdel-Kader, 2011). The research article has also illustrated the use of Poppers falsification criterion in explaining the nature of scientific researches. The best current understanding of acceptance or rejection of theories on scientific basis has been provided by Popper (Dunmore, 2009). Further, the author has discussed about the deficiencies existing in both qualitative and quantitative researches through adopting the concepts of positive accounting theory. The weakness present in the logic of statistics hypothesis testing used in quantitative positive accounting research is also discussed in detail in the research article. The author has tried to provide an explanation of the application of positive theory to accounting and suggested the areas of improvement in positive accounting researches. The research study has also emphasized that accounting researchers should focus on adopting other theoretical models for carrying out successfully scientific accounting researches. The author has concluded from the overall discussion held in the research article that positive accounting research is not able to achieve its scientific aims and objectives. The deficiencies highlighted by the author present in positive accounting research will draw attention of accountants in ord er to develop more improved formal theory based on analytical research to be used in resolving accounting problems (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework The author has analyzed and examined the views of different authors in relation to the significance of positive approach in accounting settings. This has developed a theoretical framework of the research article based on which the author has presented a valid answer for the research questions. The positive approach to accounting has been developed in order to provide a proper explanation to the reality of accounting concepts. The theory since its origination has been regarded in contrast with normative accounting theories used in accounting field. The normative accounting theory guides the decisions of accountant based on theoretical accounting principles (Deegan, 2014). On the contrary, as analyzed from the research article positive accounting theory examines the real life events and thus helps businesses to implement an appropriate method for addressing the accounting issues. Thus, the theory of positive accounting tends to examine the economic impacts of accounting choices made by the firm managers. It tends to predict the accounting of business transactions by business organizations in future context. The theory developed by Watts and Zimmerman was regarded to be practical and based on explaining the reality behind the accounting transactions. However, the theoretical framework of the research article has depicted various shortcomings in the theory and thus regarded it to be not appropriate for achieving scientific objectives of accounting research. The theory is not able to explain the cause and effect relationships in accounting settings in quantitative terms (Ghnabari et al., 2016). The best understanding of the theory on scientific basis has been provided by Popper. The theoretical framework of the research study has also incorporated the use of Poppers falsification criterion in order to justify the scientific basis of positive accounting theory. As per poppers criterion, the procedure of developing a scientific theory consists of following sequence of steps. The first step involves developing preliminary ideas and establishing a formal theory based on analytical research. The testable predictions are obtained from the theory through gathering the empirical evidences related to the theory. The predictions obtained should be defined in quantitative terms as they can be tested through the adoption of falsification criterion. The theory is rejected to be based on scientific nature if the quantitative predictions are falsified. The falsification criterion of Popper has been used largely for analyzing the scientific nature of large number of theories (Dunmore, 2009 ). The research article has utilized the Poppers criterion in analyzing the scientific nature of both qualitative and quantitative accounting research. The author has proposed that although scientific researchers are considered to be quantitative there are number of science theories that are qualitative also for example, theory of evolution proposed by Darwin. Thus, as per the research study the positive and quantitative accounting researches are different and thus there also exist researches in positive accounting that are qualitative. The qualitative positive research is undertaken in accounting for collecting information about particular accounting phenomena. The qualitative positive research also helps in testing the quantitative predictions of scientific theories as described in Poppers criterion. However, the accounting researches only uses qualitative positive research only to develop an understanding of the accounting phenomena and the theoretical framework are not used to obtai n assertions into the reality of accounting practices. On the other hand, quantitative positive researches though able to explain the reality of accounting practices suffers from the drawback of undue reliance on logic of hypothesis testing. The author has identified and proposed the weakness associated with the logic of statistical hypothesis testing is that it does not incorporate the concept of measuring the outcome obtained (Dunmore, 2009). The accounting data is always subjected to measurement error and thus quantitative researches should also emphasize on adopting the theories that are based on mathematic forms for appropriate measuring of accounting data (Mattessich, 2013). Thus, the author after examining the ontology and epistemology of positive research has concluded that current practice of positive research in accounting has greater scope of improvement through the incorporation of better theoretical models than PAT (Dunmore, 2009). Significance and Limitations of Article The research article in context has high relevance for identifying the scope of improvement present in quantitative accounting research. The author through the overall research study has clearly identified and stated the current deficiencies existing in the PAT model used in accounting researches. The research study will prove to be highly beneficial for businesses as it recommend the implementation of better theoretical models for explaining the reality of accounting transactions. However, the research study is also associated with the limitation of only adopting the use of quantitative research methodology in achieving the aims of the study. The research study has only analyzed and examined the qualitative data related with the research topic and has not applied the quantitative research methodology in resolving research questions. The author has only proposed theoretical conclusions that are drawn from the theoretical framework of the research article (Dunmore, 2009). The theoretical framework of the research article is based only on the work of previous researchers and thus the research study lacks objectivity. The research study is highly subjective in nature and thus suffers from limitation of lacking credibility and authenticity. The author has not proposed any primary finding that helps to explore the research topic from a new perspective. The author, instead, has only focused on the work of previous researchers related to the research topic. The limitation of only using qualitative data also has impacted the significance of the research article to be used in future researches (Chatfield and Vangermeersch, 2014). The research lacks objectivity and thus its potential use in future context by other accounting researchers is impacted largely. The research study will find only limited use in future accounting researches carried out in relation of examining the use of PAT in conducting scientific accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). Conclusion The research article has recommended the use of better theoretical models in accountings to successfully achieve the aims and objectives of scientific accounting researches. The operation of a successful quantitative accounting research requires development in PAT model by incorporating the concepts of measurement also rather than relying only on hypothesis testing. The theoretical models need to be developed on the basis of conducting analytical researches so that its concepts are well-defined to be used in scientific accounting researches. The theoretical models developed should be tested through the use of poppers falsification criterion so that their scientific nature is proved. The concepts need to be fully operationalized and should be derived from mathematical forms so that they can easily help in measurement of accounting data. Thus, all these considerations will help in development of better model that can be used in accountings settings as compared to PAT. References Abdel-Kader, M. G. 2011. Review of Management Accounting Research. Springer. Bovens, M., Goodin, R. E., and Schillemans, T. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability. OUP Oxford. Chambers, R. J., and Dean, G. W. 2013. Chambers on Accounting: Logic, Law and Ethics. Routledge. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Ghnabari, M. et al. 2016. PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 10(2), pp. 177-182. Mattessich, R. 2013. Reality and Accounting: Ontological Explorations in the Economic and Social Sciences. Routledge. Wolk, H. I., et al. 2012. Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment. SAGE.

Physical Development 0-19 Years Essay Example

Physical Development 0-19 Years Essay Understanding Child and Young Person Development Assignment 023 – Table 1 Physical Development Explain the sequence and rate of development Age Range 0-3 Months Many babies are born around the 40th week are born with reflexes which include swallowing and sucking reflex this is so they can swallow milk and in conjunct with that they also have the rooting reflex they move head from side to side in order to find the nipple or the teat. They also have the grasp reflex and standing and walking reflex. When first born they sleep a lot but after one month they start to become more observant and stay awake longer. Babies start to look less curled up, like in the featal position and they dont startle or jump as frequently. 3-6 Months At this age babies have gained weight and grown in height. Babies are lifting and turning heads. Many skills are apparent now like playing, smiling, laughing and squealing. They can reach out and grab a toy. They can roll from back to front and also balance on their fronts like they want to get up on their legs and crawl. -9 Months The physical development at this stage has progressed a lot and babies are able to explore so much more they are crawling or finding other ways to get around, they can sit up without support and spend a lot of time playing. 9-12 Months Babies are able to crawl very quickly and pull themselves up on furniture and walk round it and may are on the verge of walking. They are using fingers to feed themselves. 1-2 Years At this stage babies have found their feet and are completely mobile, they walk quickly in their feet and are named toddlers. -4 Years Toddlers are now confident in walking and enjoy playing and picking up things, they go on to realise they are independent from their parents, they are now running and climbing, moving chairs to climb is also very common. 4-7 Years Compared to other development the physical ones slow down around this age but the skills like using scissors and pouring are used and activities like kicking and controlling a ball and handwriting improves. -12 Years Physically children are able to do things at a faster rate, drawing a simple picture becomes easier and dressing themselves. Growth and change to their bodies. 12-16 Years This is when physically girls and boys tend to differ they change in to men and women at different rates. By 15 or 16 girls have become women but boys dont start puberty till around 14 years of age and takes about 3 years. Body shapes are changing. 16-19 Years We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Development 0-19 Years specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Development 0-19 Years specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Development 0-19 Years specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer