Ece Curriculum Free Essays

Early Childhood Education: The Curriculum That Matters Most Stacie Emery ECE 311 Prof. Carly Davenport November 21, 2011 * * * * Early Childhood Education: * The Curriculum That Matters Most Introduction As times change, it seems that education must change as well, to fit the ever-changing needs of our youth. For children of any age, education is a complex thing, but so very important for each of them to succeed in anything they do. We will write a custom essay sample on Ece Curriculum or any similar topic only for you Order Now California State Standards imitate the National standards for educational values. Each child has a right to quality, formal and age appropriate education. Even before Pre-K, children will begin absorbing mass quantities of information. This will continue for the rest of their lives, but the quality of the information given early on, will determine how each child will use it. Curriculum in Math, Fine Arts, Sciences and Literature has been developed in many astounding ways. The evaluation of educational standards has also opened new ways to teach these subjects, and more, in ways that an entertaining yet educational context. Along with educational standards, many theorists have studied the many stages of a child’s development. Psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) introduced four stages that a child goes through from birth to a child’s development past eleven years old. The four stages presented by Piaget can help educators make the most out of every child’s educational experience. Jean Piaget Although Piaget’s developmental theories focus mainly on the development of only children and do not address learning behaviors, understanding the stages could be crucial for some educators. Piaget emphasized that each stage can be reached at different times, meaning they are not concrete and develop only in the age range specified. The development could fluctuate due to learning disabilities or poor educational opportunities, however most children will go through each stage. Sensorimotor This is the stage of development from birth to about age two. The child begins to learn object permanence. Much of the infant’s learning is through each of the senses. Children at this stage can be characterized by extreme egocentrism, meaning the child has no understanding of the world other than his or her own point of view. Preoperational The preoperational stage focuses on children aged two to around seven years of age. Children in this stage can mentally represent events and objects, and generally engage in symbolic play. They can be quite egocentric; everything is about â€Å"me†. This is also around the time a good amount of children begin some form of formal schooling. Concrete Operational At about age seven until around eleven years old, children go through the concrete operational stage. Piaget considered this stage to be a major turning point in the child’s cognitive development, as it marks the beginning of logical or operational thought. Formal Operational At about eleven years of age, the child enters the formal operational stage. â€Å"As adolescents enter this stage, they gain the ability to think in an abstract manner, the ability to combine and classify items in a more sophisticated way, and the capacity for higher-order reasoning. (McLeod, Simply Psychology) Educational Standards National Standards According to the NAEYC, the following is strived for: * â€Å"take informed positions on significant, controversial issues affecting young children’s education and development; * promote broad-based dialogue on these issues, within and beyond the early childhood field; * create a shared language and evidence-based frame of reference so that practit ioners, decision makers, and families may talk together about key issues in early childhood education; * influence public policies; stimulate investments needed to create accessible, affordable, high-quality learning environments and professional development; and * build more satisfying experiences and better educational and developmental outcomes for all young children. † (NAEYC, Standards) California Standards California Standards are very similar to the National Standards, however very much more detailed. The CAEYC website states, â€Å"OUR MISSION The California Association for the Education of Young Children is dedicated to advancing excellence throughout the early care and education profession. OUR VISION CAEYC envisions a respected professional workforce providing developmentally appropriate and culturally sensitive, high-quality, early care and education for all young children achieved through research, education, professional development and advocacy. OUR EXTERNAL VALUES †¢We believe that quality, early care and education in the lives of young children enables them to reach their full potential. †¢We believe that appropriate systems of early care and education are an indispensable part of a community’s infrastructure. We believe that a well-informed community will advocate for the resources necessary to improve the quality of life for their children. †¢We believe that quality, early care and education is provided by well-trained professionals who understand a child’s developmental needs and possess the competencies necessary to reach their potential. †¢We believe that providing quality, early care and education is the result of lifelong learning where theory, standards, and practice are shared routinely and openly among professionals, government and public officials, as well as parents. We believe in valuing the diversity that exists within our profession. †¢We believe in building positive partnerships with organizations that share our principles and seek to ensure that appropriate systems are in place to serve young children and their families. †¢We believe that quality, early care and education is provided by professionals that respect and understand the emotional, physical, social and cognitive needs of young children and their families. †¢We believe that our ability to affect positive change in the profession occurs when we join together creating a unified voice. (CAEYC, Overview) Fine Arts Definition * Fine Arts are defined as creative and visual art; an activity requiring great skill or accomplishment: â€Å"the fine art of persuasion†. Standard Reasoning * Fine Arts in the classroom can be beneficial to both the teacher and the student. The arts include music, painting, photographs, etc. Allowing the child to express themselves will open up their minds to think beyond what is physically in front of them. As an educator, teaching a class of children to draw a picture will only show the child to draw. If thought is put into the project, such as having the child draw a picture of what they will be when they grow up, will get the child to think outside the box. This expansive thinking creates a more satisfying educational experience for the child. Mathematics Definition Mathematics is defined as: the abstract science of number, quantity, and space; the mathematical aspects of something: â€Å"the mathematics of general relativity†. Standard Reasoning Mathematics can be a complex topic at any age. Teaching a child numbers can be challenging yet rewarding. The complexity and challenge of the subject generally comes when a child has difficulty grasping the concept. Creating songs about multiplication tables or silly rhymes for addition problems can create a more relaxed environment. Children generally need to feel confident that they can complete a math problem without feeling inferior. Giving any child the ability to work through a complex math problem will not only gain that experience, but it will help them when they get older. Science Definition Science is defined as a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws. It can also be categorized as a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation or any of the branches of natural or physical science. Also as knowledge, as of facts or principles; knowledge gained by systematic study. Standard Reasoning Science covers a wide range of topics. Mathematics can be a range of problems with probability answers. Science makes those possibilities concrete. Science helps prove theories, which are just opinions, with evidence to show that there is no probability if the answer being correct, because the proof shows that it is. Science in an early education classroom exposes children to biological changes in the environment and basic changes that the child goes through. At the younger ages, science should be kept entertaining because if it is not â€Å"fun† children tend to turn away from the concept. Reading Definition Reading is the action or practice of a person who reads. To read is to look at carefully so as to understand the meaning of something written, printed, etc. , to read a book; to read music. Standard Reasoning To teach a child to read is to give them a gift of imagination and development of creativity. Reading to a child, starting at a young age has proven to assist in the development of language skills as well as social skills. In the classroom, reading is required for most tasks. Children need to be able to read the problem they are trying to solve, or read a section of a book to discuss, even reading instructions on the board from the teacher. Educators alike all strive to promote reading as one of the number one activities a child participates in. Many communities will partner with education institutes to promote reading outside of the classroom as well. Language Development Definition Language development is the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood. Standard Reasoning Language development starts at birth. As the child ages, the understanding of certain words becomes clear. Many children learn â€Å"no† early on. Language development is very important for social interactions as well as being able to understand the teacher and the learning process. Recognizing when the language development is delayed is crucial for a developing child. Getting that child the assistance he or she needs early on will determine that child’s willingness to participate and learn all together. Educators strive for appropriate pronunciation of new words as well as practice and use of familiar ones. This will encourage grammar and eventually sentence structure. Conclusion * Although times have drastically changed, the importance of education has not. The entire Nation as well as each state has created standards for educating our youngest counterparts. Their letters and numbers will still be taught, be there are new ways to teach them and make it so our children want to go to school. Making education exciting will create the passion desired by educators to ensure that our children succeed. * References California Association for the Education of Young Children Standards. 2007-2010) Overview California. Retrieved from: http://caeyc. org/main/page/navabout Eliason, C. F. , Jenkins, L. (2008). A practical guide to early childhood curriculum (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. National Association for the Education of Young Children Standards. (2009) Standards and Guidelines. Retrieved from: http://www. naeyc. org/positionstatements/standards Simply Psychology. (2009) McLeod, Saul. Jean Piaget. Retrieved from: http://www. simplypsych ology. org/piaget. html How to cite Ece Curriculum, Papers

Analyzing Finacial Indicators for Decison Making Paper free essay sample

Analyzing Financial Indicators for Decision Making Paper Bruce Conner HCS/405 February 21, 2011 Debbie Allen Analyzing Financial Indicators for Decision Making Paper Why are most hospitals in the United States economically susceptible? During the recession the health care industry was often faced with many obstacles. Government funding has been cut; people are not able to afford health insurance and just an all around downturn in the economy. The analysis of financial stability is directly involved with good decision making and planning. Hospitals have the challenge of making adjustments according to the economy, patient need, and quality of care. The analysis simulation showed some points on how to direct financials so that the Elijah Heart Center can make good use of funds to the best of the organizations ability. Capital Shortage for Elijah Heart Center The cost cutting option selected was changing skill mix and reducing agency staff. The reason I choose changing skill mix is because, this method will help with the economic problems that is facing the hospital. Hiring unlicensed individuals will cut overhead cost â€Å"this option will allow nurses to delegate simple tasks in order to concentrate on more complicated tasks† (University of Phoenix, 2011, pp. 1-12). This aspect will help to navigate, and clear up loose ends. The skill mix will allow other personnel to cross-train and learn skills to assist with issues that may arise. The other cost cutting option I selected was reducing agency staff. My logic for this was because the organization would be adding more personnel there would be a need to reduce at some place.The agencies usually charges a fee for recruiting health professionals, if the company stopped using the agency, the company can save money and utilized the funds for other objectives. Agency staffing is a great tool to use by managers; managers usually use agencies to save time. Managers are busy and often times do not have time to recruit and interview perspective employees, so they hire agencies to do this. In some aspect the agency is good because of time management; however, t cost money and this is an aspect that I felt the organization can do without. The loan option chosen was option one. The reason I elected that one was because of the amount of interest saved and paid out versus option two. Option one had an interest rate of 9. 45% with a total interest paid of 56,589 and an interest saved of 21,297. Though option two had a lower interest rate, the amount of interest saved was a little less than option one. My basic motivation for choosing option one was interest.If the interest rates are lower this can help the hospital to save money in that aspect, even though the savings are not that much, it adds up resulting in a better money management. My decision was the same as the optimal goal. Both the cost cutting measures and the loan option was the same. Funding Options for Equipment Requisition The equipment option that I selected was operating lease for high speed CT scanner, x-ray machine, and ultrasound system. The focus of my choices was the liability cost.The options stated showed that the organization would have higher liability cost than operating lease. The operation lease has a 100% upgrade option. This can be important when purchasing equipment. Medical equipment is always changing, manufactures are always finding ways to make a product better, and sometimes there is equipment recall that would require an organization to change the machine anyway so my thoughts are it would be cost-effective for the organization to have the ability to upgrade without cost.What I did not factor was the annual maintenance. Annual maintenance is crucial to an organization such as a hospital. If an important machine was to stop working while in use this could cost the hospital unnecessary funds. Furthermore the government may have some sort of regulation that requires a hospital to have annual maintenance on the equipment and if the maintenance is not meet the company can be fined. This is also important, maybe more important than the upgrade.The optimal goal was for the high speed CT scanner was refurbished equipment strategy, the x-ray machine was capital lease, and the ultrasound system was operating lease. The parts that I did not factor would make a difference on the financial difference; however, my thoughts are liability is the most effective means of cutting cost in the future for the hospital. Funding option for financial Expansion The financial expansion was a rather challenging; however, I decided to choose the HUD 242 Loan Insurance Program.My focus was this hospital was going through the largest expansion the organization has ever ventured. â€Å"The plan includes a new heart hospital, more than a hundred new private rooms, a consolidation of women’s services, and expansion of surgical suites, radiology and endoscopy services†. (University of Phoenix, 2011, pp. 1-12). The reason for my choice was HUD had the lower interest rate and there was no period for which the funds can be used. I think that element is important because, it is big when an organization is going through an expansion, and timing is very crucial.If the hospital is not able to begin expansion at a certain time, the company does not want to feel pressure to use funds. Lower interest rates are beneficial to any organization that is going to develop their facility. My knowledge of HUD is that there are usually lower interests rates than most financial institutions, and that was my incentive. What did I learn? The simulation was rather interesting and I learned that, making expansion resolution takes an enormous amount of decision making and organizational planning; this requires many people to assist in coming to the right choice.An organization has to know where to cut corners so there are funds to make major changes. Managers making a choice on employee reduction, or cutting benefits, or changing skill mix. The managers must weight out options and come up with the best conclusion at the time. I learned that equipment purchase can take a massive amount of thought, as far as loan option upgrades and maintenance. My thoughts before this was purchase equipment make sure there is a warranty and that is it. So doing the simulation exposed me to all that goes into the purchase.It’s not as simple as it seems. In making my decisions I was pleased with my cost cutting decision. My strategy was to look at the definition of what the options were, and go from there. Changing skill mix was a new term that I learned; however, I found it interesting and thought it made sense. The part I would do differently would be the equipment simulation. I would pay more attention to maintenance and upgrade. I would also pay more attention to monthly installments options for leasing.The expansion portion was attention-grabbing because of past research, so I felt good with that part of the simulation. The elements of doing this simulation that I could use in future jobs would be analytical thinking, thinking further than the surface is important. In financials it important at some point to see into the future that may sound strange; however, it is realistic. Forecasting is important because these decisions that made are supposed to be utilized for a certain amount of time and if something comes up this could destroy all the hard work that was done.I will be able to think about how interest affects liability and vice verse. I know that paying close attention to balance sheets and cash flow statements is beneficial to the financial success of the an organization. Communicating changes to other personnel is important and staying open to change and learning can be a benefit to any organization. Hospitals have financial issues because of several elements. One would be the economy and the inability for people to pay for medical care. This element leaves few options for individuals. Either some people would have to go the emergency room for medical care or just not receive medical care at all. Another issue would be â€Å"because of financial cuts, reduction in Medicaid reimbursement, cuts in Medicare payments, and discounting pressure in managed care†. (University of Phoenix, 2011, pp. 1-12). These elements put hospitals at an immense risk and will usually result in an expansion and changes being made to the facility. The issue is will the organization be able to make these changes with the downturn in funding? This is where optimal decision making comes into effect.Elijah Heart Center made the decision to develop the facility with thoughts of more return and better quality of care for patients. This is a wise choice; however, it can pose a risk if the cost of development outweighs the amount of return in. These are elements that managers have to think about in making decisions. The outcome is unknown, but without making changes a company can never see what could have progressed.

DBQ Alien and Sedition Acts Essay Example

DBQ Alien and Sedition Acts Essay The debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 revealed bitter controversies on a number of issues.Discuss the issues involved and explain why these controversies developed. The Alien and Sedition acts of 1798 were a consequence of many troubles the United States was having at the time.Just emerging into the world under President George Washington, their foreign policy was not enough to support themselves yet.The United States needed to make sure that there would be no foreign threat to them and to do so, they made a strict isolationist policy that was almost broken by the French call for aid during the French Revolution and later by the French reprisal for not answering their demands.The United States pulled through but withdifficulty and in order to make sure that they stayed isolated from the rest of the world, they had to make sure that no immigrants would become powerful enough to change their views and go into politics and that the media would not interfere with governmen t affairs by slandering them and writing anything against the government.This brought about the Alien and Sedition Acts which were criticized from the moment they were passed in the summer of 1798 to the moment they were removed. Washingtonsfirst term as president happened to fall at the same time as the French Revolution.As a consequence Washingtons 8 years in office and his successor, John Adams had to decide whether their foreign policy should be pro French, anti French, or non involvement.Most Americans saw the French as helping them in the American Revolution, so they only saw it fit that America would then help them during their revolution.It was also easy to aid the French because they were fighting a Republican revolution and that seemed to help the US ideals.Unfortunately, the US and the French monarchy had an alliance, not the US and the French people so helping the French people was breaking the

Saks Fifth Avenue vs. Neiman Marcus - A Detailed Company Analysis Using Balance Sheets and Income Statements

Saks Fifth Avenue vs. Neiman Marcus - A Detailed Company Analysis Using Balance Sheets and Income Statements I am writing to analyse the company's current balance sheet and income statement. Particularly, I will critique on the company's results, compare it to past years, compare it to competitors, and make recommendations on how to improve its financial position.Neiman Marcus department stores offer luxurious and high-quality men's and women's apparel and accessories. The Neiman Marcus Group operates 35 stores in nearly 20 states. The 2004 net income was an impressive $204 million and revenue was $3.5 billion. More importantly, their gross profit was $1.2 billion. Their net income is approximately 5.8% (compared to total revenue) and 1.7% (compared to their gross profit). This may seem little, but when a company revenues such a large amount, a small percentage net income is a very large amount, as exemplified. Comparing it with their largest competition - Off Fifth Saks Avenue (Saks) - Neiman Marcus earns 5 times their competition's income.English: Neiman Marcus flagship store, Dallas, Tex ...The profit figure is very adequate.Neiman Marcus' income statement shows their fiscal period ends in July. The total revenue was $3.5 billion but their cost of revenue was $2.3 billion. This is 66% of their revenue. This is significantly high, but again, to increase revenue comes with expenses. After calculations, the total expenses were approximately $1 billion. On the given income statement (attached) they show mostly taxation and interest expenses. These expenses cannot be commented on because they are standard, as directed by the government. However, we are given the "selling general and administrative expense", which was $875 million. These are associated with payrolls and running the company. These expenses are 71.5% of the company's gross profit. These expenses are high and should be lowered; but in comparison to their competition, it is 10% lower.There is always room for improvement and by lowering expenses, one can...

Miller Lites white label and increased sales Essay

Miller Lites white label and increased sales - Essay Example I support the company’s decision to change its packaging because it helped to boost sales. When the company decided to change to its original white packaging, it never expected that the brand will witness increased sales in the US. The decision to change the packaging has helped to boost the sales of the products. It, therefore, implies that the new packaging was the much-required effort that could help the brand. Miller Lite’s white cans enabled it to stand out from the rest of products on the shelves hence customers went for the brand. It may be dangerous to change the packaging to a completely different color since customers may not identify it hence reduced sales. Redesigning a product packaging can be disastrous as the case of Tropicana in 2009 where its restructuring resulted in a drop in sales of 20% and loss of millions of dollars (MacDonald 6). The decision by the company to rebrand Miller Lite can be placed under the product line extension. Line Extensions happens when a company decides to introduce additional items in the same brand name such as packaging (Chandrasekar 12). The company’s decision to change packaging only affected Miller Lite’s brand and may not affect other products produced by the company. The company did not also change the taste or color of the drink but only change the outer look. The new packaging helped to boost the sales of the brand although the company did not anticipate the increased sales. Line extension aims at helping a brand to register increased sales.

Public Relations and Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relations and Promotion - Essay Example This has affected, in an adverse way, the anticipated economic gains that would have been made in the area. For the past 5 years, this wave of destruction has swept through the county of Mobley in spite of the public protests and demonstrations her residents has conducted. MADAAT has recorded successful initiatives over the last three years with more than 2700 persons rehabilitated and the rate of drug and substance abuse decreased by 30%. This will be a great event and a lot of activities will take place. Their will be Football and Volleyball tournaments, debates on how to curb alcohol and drug abuse, free counseling on alcohol and substance abuse and training on how to counsel and care for drug addicts to help them rehabilitate. Mobley has lost very young and energetic youths to drug abuse; about 300 annually, according to MADAAT Secretary General, Mr. Godwin Brooke. â€Å"We urge the Mobley’s vast society, whether affected or otherwise, to try and come for the organized event. We further encourage all the individuals that wish to participate in any of the activities of the big day, to apply and submit their applications on-line through our website,† MADAAT Organizing Secretary said on his speech while addressing the students at Mobley College for Business Studies. â€Å"This event will add a lot of force to the fight against drug and substance abuse in Mobley. We target to achieve a decrement in this disaster practice by 10-15% by the end of this year,† He added. The Mobley Alcohol and Drug Abuse Awareness team was found and initially made up of 28 members from The Ashleigh University Christian Union, Mobley. Today, it’s a well organized fraternity of men and women across the Mobley County; persons with common interests and beliefs to curb this monster that threatens to tear Mobley apart. The preferred media target would be

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace Bullying Data

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace Bullying Data Bullying behavior was typically experienced on the playground or within the school systems of school age children, but now this multi-causal phenomenon is being reported by adults in the workplace at an astronomical level. Exploratory research has insinuated that there is not just one clear definition of workplace bullying but a combination of definitions (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). Workplace bullying transpires when an employee encounters a steadfast pattern of ill-treatment from others in the work environment that brings about harm (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). This type of harassment can consist of such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, emotional, physical abuse and public disgrace (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). This form of workplace hostility is, for the most part, difficult to validate because, unlike the classical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often functio n within the traditional regulations and policies of their organization (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). In examining three peer-reviewed articles (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014), the researchers used several different types of descriptive statistics to measure workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). Therefore, it is important to describe descriptive statistics data and the different methods used that summarizes the sample and the measures (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). In combination with charts and graphic analysis (Jackson, 2016), descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) formed the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data which were used by each researcher to describe workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014) as it affects ones physical health (de pression), on how role stressors can influence bullying behavior and the academic levels of the individuals being bullied (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). First, is to define descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015), illustrate or summarize data in a study, for example, such as patterns of large numbers of data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) do not, however, allow one to make conclusions beyond the data that is analyzed or reach conclusions regarding any hypotheses that might have made (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). They are simply a way to describe ones data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, Chipps et al., (2013) study illustrates the incidence of workplace bullying among preoperative RNs, surgical technologists, and unlicensed preoperative personnel in two academic medical centers (Chipps et al., 2013). The study sought to determine whether the demographic variables of gender, ethnicity, hospital location, years of experience on the unit, years in the profession, and job title predict the experience of workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013). In addition, to ascertain whether a relationship exists between workplace bullying and emotional exhaustion (Chipps et al., 2013); and whether bullying is associated with perceptions of patient safety in the operating room (Chipps et al., 2013). The cross-sectional analysis included one hundred and sixty-seven preoperative nurses, surgical technologists, and unlicensed preoperative personnel (Chipps et al., 2013). The IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows (IBM, New York, NY ) was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics was calculated for each hospital in two different demographic areas (Chipps et al., 2013). In Table (1), the participants in Hospital A had a response rate of forty percent, and Hospital B had a response rate of twenty-three percent. Table 1. Comparison of Demographic Variables Of the total study sample of professionals, forty-five percent of participants were registered nurses (SD=14.3), fifty-three percent were nonRN surgical technologists (SD=15.9) and two percent (SD=1.2) were another unlicensed personnel who reported to nursing services in Table 2 (Chipps et al., 2013). Table 2. Comparison of Job Title/Profession The sample size in Figure 1, the sample size was seventy-four percent predominately white, twenty percent black and sixty percent identified self in the other category (Chipps et al., 2013). The demographics differences were significant between Hospital A and Hospital B (Chipps et al., 2013). Figure1. Sample size In Table 2 illustrated a frequency of bullying acts in in order of frequency on at least a monthly basis (Chipps et al., 2013), for example, his or her opinions ignored at twenty-eight percent (Chipps et al., 2013); twenty-seven percent reported being shouted at by peers (Chipps et al., 2013).; twenty-six percent reported experiencing information purposely withheld which hindered his or her work performance (Chipps et al., 2013), twenty-five percent humiliated in front of others and twenty-five percent experiencing rumors or gossip spread about him or her (Chipps et al., 2013). Table 1. Frequency of Bullying Acts The next study examined several hypotheses as it relates to role stressors within an individuals work environment and modern day occurrences of self-reported workplace bullying. Reknes et al., (2014) research revealed that role stressors are associated with workplace bullying after conducting a study with twenty Norwegian businesses (Reknes et al., 2014). During 2004 to 2009, a longitudinal study was conducted in the private and public sectors to focus on the characteristics of the work environment (Reknes et al., 2014). It was to ascertain whether role stressors, at baseline, can foretell new incidents of workplace bullying in the near future (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of two thousand, eight hundred and thirty-five Norwegian employees joined the baseline and follow-up, with an interim of two years within the measurements (Reknes et al., 2014). The average ages of the participants were forty-five years of age, and sixty-four percent were women (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of one hundred and six participants reported to be bullied in Figure 1, whereas, two thousand and three hundred and eighty-five participated said to not being bullied (Reknes et al., 2014). Figure 1. Respondent to the 1st and the 2nd surveys (N=2,835) Even though drop out analyzes were conducted using independent sample t-test on role conflict (N=245) and role ambiguity (N=158 [(Reknes et al., 2014).], the survey revealed no significant differences in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in completing the 1st survey (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated in both measurement points (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). However, those who participated in the 1st and the 2nd surveys (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated a mean of 1.68 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role ambiguity and a mean of 2.47 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role conflict. Three hundred and forty-four (Reknes et al., 2014) self-reports of bullying behavior were missing from the baseline survey (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In additions, Figure 2 illustrated the following distribution of the respondents in the 1st and 2nd surveys (N=2835 [(Reknes et al., 2014)], in a table format showing an age frequency distribution with five categories of age ranged defined (Reknes et al., 2014). Figure 2. A frequency distribution of Age in table format The respondents in the 1st and the 2nd survey regarding the baseline characteristics of the respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that individuals within forty to forty-nine of age (33.5%) is more likely to complete the survey than respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), under the age of thirty (5.5%). Whereas, self-reported bullying (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that role conflict nearly duplicate the likelihood of becoming a new target of bullying at T2 (odd ratio of 1.92). Consequently, the results showed no significant difference in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in the first measurement (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated at both measurement points (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). The research supported the data that role ambiguity and role conflict, individually, added to consequent different reports of workplace bullying. The statistical analysis was administered using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows ( IBM, New York, NY ). Lastly, McTernan et. al., 2013, conducted a longitudinal survey design over a twelve months’ time frame. This investigation was to examine how job stressors and depression can influence productivity loss (McTernan et. al., 2013). First, to investigate this underlying assumption was to begin with data preparation on how to carry out data analysis (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Data preparation involved acquiring or collecting the data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015); reviewing the data for accuracy (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015); inserting the data into the computer; modifying the data, and generating and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Secondly, is to utilize a codebook that represents each variable in the data and where and how it can be accessed (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, indicating the variable descripti on, organizing the variable format (number and data), identifying the respondent or group, and identifying the variable location (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Initially, the data was collected in 2009 and repeated in 2010 by an Australia workplace barometer (McTernan et. al., 2013). The data was gathered from two Australian states, Western Australia, and New South Wales (McTernan et. al., 2013). The sample size was increased, in order to weigh the gain in the control versus the time and cost of having more participants or gathering more data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In this review, twenty thousand Austrian homes (McTernan et. al., 2013) phone numbers were called, yet the final sample consisted of one thousand three hundred twenty-six participants from north of South Wales and one thousand four hundred and sixty-four from Western Australia (McTernan et. al., 2013). The experiment consisted of one thousand three hundred and ninety females age d between eighteen and seventy-seven and between eighteen and eighty-five; the total male participants were one thousand three hundred and ninety –six (McTernan et. al., 2013). Time 2 data was composed of participants from Time 1 who agreed to take a follow-up questionnaire at least one year later in 2010 (McTernan et. al., 2013). Of the primary participants at Time 1, there were two thousand and seventy-four (McTernan et. al., 2013) who participated in the survey, whereas, with Time 2 consisted of nine hundred and twenty-seven females between nineteen and seventy-eight and one thousand and one hundred and forty-seven males between nineteen and eighty-two (McTernan et. al., 2013). The measure utilized the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 depression measure for a nine-item scale based on several criteria’s of depressive disorders in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual DSM-IV (McTernan et. al., 2013). Table 1 depicts the individual yearly productively loss cost (McTernan et. al., 2013) estimations as it relates to depression (N=2074). The relationship was significant as it related to the unstandardized parameters (McTernan et. al., 2013) by comparing the annual sickness absence (hours) with productivity loss using descriptive statistics (McTernan et. al., 2013). The annual sickness absence illustrated 138.4 hours loss (SD=48.24) due to the severity level of the workers’ depression (McTernan et. al., 2013), as compared to, 28% productivity loss (SD=3.5). Table 2 illustrated the estimated odd ratios for job strain and workplace bullying on depression as well as the odd ratios and population attributable risk for job strain, bullying and job strain without bullying (McTernan et. al., 2013). The researchers used the population attributable risk as a method to estimate the proportion of a disease burden that could theoretically be eliminated by the removal of a causal factor (McTernan et. al., 2013). The findings confirmed that the underlying assumption of the link between job stressors and productively loss via depression (McTernan et. al., 2013). The prevalence of exposure to job strain was 22.5% (McTernan et. al., 2013) compared to bullying exposure 5.9% (McTernan et. al., 2013). The population attributable failed to yield any significant difference when job strain and bullying was used independently, yet, when combined, the results showed the annual depression cost which contributed to productivity loss (McTernan et. al., 2013). Table 2. Population Attributable Risk References Chipps, E., Stelmaschuk, S., Albert, N., Bernhard, L., Holloman, C. (2014). Workplace bullying in the OR: Results of a descriptive study, AORN Journal, 98(5):479-493. IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. New York, NY: IBM Corp. Jackson, S. (2015). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. (5th ed.) United States of American: Boston, MA. McTerman, W., Dollard, M., LaMontagne, A. (2013). Depression in the workplace: An economic cost analysis of depression-related productivity loss attributable to job strain and bullying, Work Stress, 27(4):321-338. Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., Lau, B. (2014). The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self-reported workplace bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55:45-52. Trochim, T., Donnelly, J., Arora, A. (2015). Research methods: The essential knowledge base. United States of America: Boston, MA.